ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY

VOLCANISM EARTHQUAKES DIASTROPHISM

Prepared By: AQUINO ABELLA CARTIN LEGARDE TABARES

 VOLCANISM

The extrusion of lava (and the gases it contains) and the ejection
of pyroclastics onto the Earth’s surface or into the atmosphere, as
well as the formation of volcanoes and extrusive igneous rocks by
these processes.
DIVERGENT PLATE
CONERGENT PLATE
PROCESS of VOLCANISM
 EFFECTS
Volcanic Land Formations

Volcanic Minerals and Stones

Soil Enrichment

Global Cooling

Hot Springs And Geothermal Energy

 EARTHQUAKE
Shaking or slipping movement of the earth’s crust,
followed by seismic waves and vibrations.

AFTERSHOCK
Smaller earthquakes that occur after the main earthquake in the
same place as the main shock.
BODY WAVES
Seismic vibrations that move through the Earth's interior.

Primary waves or P waves:

push-pull waves, waves move
back and forth in the direction
in which the wave is travelling.

Secondary waves or S
waves : vibrations occurring at
right angles to direction of
wave propagation.

Amplitude is the size of the

wiggles on an earthquake recording.
The surface where they slip is called the
fault or fault plane. The location below the
earth’s surface where the earthquake
starts is called the hypocenter, and the
location directly above it on the surface of
the earth is called the epicenter.

Asthenosphere is the ductile part of the

Earth just below the lithosphere, which
includes the lower mantle and is about
180km thick.
EARTH’S LAYER
 ADDITIONAL INFO
Magnitude is a number that
categorizes the amount of energy
released during an earthquake.

Intensity measures the strength of

shaking produced by the earthquake
at a certain location.

Richter Scale is the magnitude of

seismic energy released during an
earthquake is measured by the
Richter scale.
Seismograph is a very sensitive
instrument that can detect, measure
and record ground vibrations and
their intensities during an earthquake.
DIAST ROPHISM
ANY MOVEMENT OF THE SOLID PART OF THE EARTH
DIRECTION OF
FORCES
UPWARD FORCES

DOWNWARD FORCES

HORIZONTAL FORCES
EFFECTS OF FORCES IN THE
LAND MASSES
Faulting - occurs when crust is
fractured due to unequal forces acting
in opposite direction.

normal faults -tensional forces pull the

crust apart.

strike-slip or lateral faults - when the

blocks move horizontally past each other

reverse or thrust fault - formed due to

strong compressional forces.
Trenching occurs when large masses
of rocks in the crust slide and slip Folding is when a part of crust
against each other due to great forces crumple, bend upward and
coming from different directions. downward.
THEORIES
THEORY OF ISOSTASY
The balancing of forces between the effect
of gravity on the mass of a section of earth
and the resistance of these masses to
sinking into the earth's mantle.
THE CONTRACTION THEORY
Earth is sinking because it is
cooling and the great pressure
squeezes part of the earth into a
smaller volume.
CONVECTION THEORY
Convection currents set in the
crust and heat comes from the
disintegration of radioactive
elements.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
There was an original, gigantic
super continent 200 million
years ago, which he named,
Pangea meaning "all-earth".
Pangea started to break down
due to plate movements.
TYPES OF PLATE
MOTIONS
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