POLYMER

CHEMISTRY

Introduction
 Polymer : A large molecule (macromolecule)
built up by repetitive bonding
(covalent) of smaller molecules
(monomers)

What is the difference between

macromolecule & polymer ?

A polymer is made up of smaller repeating

units called a monomer.
A macromolecule is a large molecule that typically
does not have any repeating units.
Contoh-
contoh
polimer
 Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
Polyethylene
ethylene film wrap,
low density –(CH2-CH2)n– soft, waxy solid
CH2=CH2 plastic bags
(LDPE)
Polyethylene electrical
ethylene rigid, translucent
high density –(CH2-CH2)n– insulation
CH2=CH2 solid
(HDPE) bottles, toys
atactic: soft,
Polypropylene similar to LDPE
propylene elastic solid
(PP) different –[CH2-CH(CH3)]n– carpet,
CH2=CHCH3 isotactic: hard,
grades upholstery
strong solid
Poly(vinyl
vinyl chloride pipes, siding,
chloride) –(CH2-CHCl)n– strong rigid solid
CH2=CHCl flooring
(PVC)
Poly(vinylidene vinylidene
dense, high-
chloride) –(CH2-CCl2)n– chloride seat covers, films
melting solid
(Saran A) CH2=CCl2
hard, rigid,
toys, cabinets
Polystyrene –[CH2- styrene clear solid
packaging
(PS) CH(C6H5)]n– CH2=CHC6H5 soluble in organic
(foamed)
solvents
 Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
high-melting
Polyacrylonitrile
acrylonitrile solid rugs, blankets
(PAN, Orlon, –(CH2-CHCN)n–
CH2=CHCN soluble in clothing
Acrilan)
organic solvents
non-stick
Polytetrafluoro- tetrafluoroethyle
resistant, smooth surfaces
ethylene –(CF2-CF2)n– ne
solid electrical
(PTFE, Teflon) CF2=CF2
insulation
Poly(methyl methyl
lighting covers,
methacrylate) –[CH2- methacrylate hard, transparent
signs
(PMMA, Lucite, C(CH3)CO2CH3]n– CH2=C(CH3)CO2C solid
skylights
Plexiglas) H3
Poly(vinyl
–(CH2- vinyl acetate latex paints,
acetate) soft, sticky solid
CHOCOCH3)n– CH2=CHOCOCH3 adhesives
(PVAc)
–[CH2- isoprene requires
cis-Polyisoprene
CH=C(CH3)- CH2=CH- soft, sticky solid vulcanization
natural rubber
CH2]n– C(CH3)=CH2 for practical use
Polychloroprene
–[CH2-CH=CCl- chloroprene tough, rubbery synthetic rubber
(cis + trans)
CH2]n– CH2=CH-CCl=CH2 solid oil resistant
(Neoprene)
 History
One of the first humans to discover,
and make, an artificial polymer,
was the German chemist Hans von
Pechmann. It was probably an
accident. In 1899 he found a
suspicious, sticky, white substance
at the bottom of a flask in which he
had been trying to decompose
diazomethane. He had no idea
what he had made, so he turned
the analysis of the material over to
Eugen Bamberger and Friedrich
Tschirner, who found long chains of
-CH2-, which they called
"polymethylene".
Some years later (1935) in England, Eric
Fawcett and Reginald Gibson had a similar
experience. They were trying very hard to
make an explosive gas (ethylene) react
with a much larger molecule
(benzaldehyde), by forcing them together
under high pressure. What they got was a
useless, (so they thought!), white, waxy
solid that couldn't be used for anything
interesting or practical. How wrong they
were, but nothing much more was done
with this "polyethylene" until the start of
the Second World War.
Suddenly there was a need for a flexible,
non-reactive insulator to go around the
This material is a crystalline,
cables of a new invention - radar. The
transluscent thermoplastic which
British firm Imperial Chemical Industries re-
softens when heated. Today,
discovered polyethylene and put it into
consumers buy and use
production in 1939.
polyethylene in a huge number of
Small molecules of the odorless gas ways, everything from packaging,
ethylene were then, and now, transformed garbage bags, soda bottles and
into a polymer called polyethylene by containers, around wires (it's
uniting the ethylene monomers into a long original use), and in almost every
chain. Some of these chains can be as toy or house ware product on the
long as 10,000 units. In some forms these market. Modern humans are very,
chains branch, and they all coil and fold. very dependent on this particular
Modern manufacturing methods start with artificial polymer.
ethylene gas which is heated under very
high pressure until it becomes what is
known as low-density polyethylene.
Prior to the early 1920's, chemists doubted the existence
of molecules having molecular weights greater than a
few thousand. This limiting view was challenged by
Hermann Staudinger, a German chemist with experience
in studying natural compounds such as rubber and
cellulose. In contrast to the prevailing rationalization of
these substances as aggregates of small molecules,
Staudinger proposed they were made up of
macromolecules composed of 10,000 or more atoms.
He formulated a polymeric structure for rubber, based
on a repeating isoprene unit (referred to as a monomer).
For his contributions to chemistry, Staudinger received
the 1953 Nobel Prize.
 Perkembangan sains
polimer
 Polimer dg kestabilan termal & oksidasi yg
istimewa : utk aplikasi aerospace kinerja tinggi
 Plastik-plastik teknik : polimer yg dirancang
menggantikan logam

If polypropylene car parts

replaced traditional steel,
cars would be lighter
overall and consume less
fuel, for example. And
because the material is
cheap, plastic could
provide a much more
affordable manufacturing
alternative
  Serat aromatik berkekuatan tinggi, berdsrkan
teknologi kristal cair : utk aplikasi platform
pemboran minyak lepas pantai
 Polimer degradable : utk pengendalian limbah,
biomedis dan pertanian
 Polimer untuk aplikasi medis :
untuk jahitan bedah sampai
organ buatan

hybrid composites: thermoplastic

pipes reinforced with GRE polyvinylidene
composite and RTP (reinforced difluoride
thermoplastic pipe) thermoplastic
pipes reinforced with glass,
aramid or carbon fibers.
 Polimer konduktif : untuk aplikasi electrical
device, batteries, solar cells, electrochemical
sensors
 Electro-active polymers : able to transduce
electrical to mechanical energy, flexible capacitor
 Polimer sebagai zat bantu tak larut untuk katalis
atau untuk sintesis protein dan asam nukleat
 Polimer magnetik : utk MRI
(magnetic resonance
imaging), bioseparation
 Polimer thermoresponsive :
nanotechnological and
biomedical applications

poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM)

 Classification of
polymers

Main classifications of the polymers:

• by origin
• by monomer composition
• by chain structure
• by thermal behaviour
• by kinetics or mechanism
• by application
Biopolymer

fiber
 Linear polymer
 High intermolecular forces
(that result usually from the
presence of polar groups) :
hydrogen bonds or dipole-
dipole interaction
 Less elasticity
 High modulus, high tensile
strength
 Moderate extensibility (less
than 20%)
POLYMER
plastic
elastomer
can be molded or
 Irregular molecular shaped (such as blowing
structure to form a film), greater
 Weak intermolecular stiffness and lack
forces reversible elasticity
 Very flexible
 Low initial modulus in
tension
 Very high extensibility
(up to 1000%)
Polymers arranged in fibers Fibers are always made
like this can be spun into of polymers which are
threads and used as textiles. arranged into crystals.
The clothes you're wearing are They have to be able to
made out of polymeric fibers. pack into a regular
So is carpet. So is rope. Here arrangement in order to
are some of the polymers line up as fibers.
which can be drawn into
fibers: polyethylene, Kevlar,
Nylon, polyester, cellulose,
polyurethanes,
polyacrylonitrile
 Biodegradable bahan alami :
 pati jagung
plastic  pati singkong
 pati beras
 pati kentang
bahan terbarukan
(disintesis secara PLA : dari esterifikasi
mikrobiologi) : asam laktat (fermentasi
hasil samping produk
 Polylactic acid
pertanian)
(PLA)
PLA memiliki sifat tahan
 Polyhydroxy
panas, kuat, dan elastis
alkanoate (PHA)
Homopolymer
or
heteropolymer ?
Heteropolymer
 Nomenclature of polymer
1- Nomenclature Based on monomer source
The addition polymer is often named according to the monomer that was
used to form it
Example : poly(vinyl chloride) PVC is made from vinyl chloride
-CH2-CH(Cl)-

If “ X “ is a single word the name of polymer is written out

directly
ex. polystyrene -CH2-CH(Ph)-

Poly-X

If “ X “ consists of two or more words parentheses should be

used
ex , poly(vinyl acetate) -CH2-CH(OCOCH3)-

2- Based on polymer structure

The most common method for condensation polymers since the polymer
contains different functional groups than the monomer
Copolymer Names (Systematic vs. Concise names)

1) Poly[styrene-co-ethylene] or Copoly(styrene/ethylene)
2) Poly[styrene-alt-ethylene] or Alt-Copoly(styrene/
ethylene)
3) Poly[styrene-block-ethylene] or Block-Copoly(styrene/
ethylene)
4) Poly[styrene-graft-ethylene] or Graft-Copoly(styrene/
ethylene)
polyethylene grafted onto polystyrene main chain
5) Poly[styrene-co-ethylene-co-propylene] or
Copoly(styrene/ethylene/propylene)
IUPAC Names
Use Poly as a prefix and in the brackets list the monomer
structure with numbers indicating the attachment of side
chains

Diene Names :
Use cis- and trans- to indicate geometric isomer

1,2- and 1,4- to indicate positions of free double bonds

derived from olefin polymerization

Examples
1,2-poly(1,3-butadiene)
cis-1,4-poly(1,3-butadiene)
trans-1,4-poly(1,3-isoprene) (natural rubber)
 Problems
Gambarkan struktur untuk setiap kopolimer berikut :

• Poli[stirena-alt-(anhidrida maleat)-blok-(vinil klorida)]

• Blok-kopoli[butadiena/cangkok-ko(stirena/akrilonitril)]
• Polistirena-blok-poli[butadiena-alt-(vinil asetat)]
• Blok-kopoli[cangkok-ko-(etilena/stirena)/-metilstirena]
Jika A = akrilonitril, B = butadiena, M = metil
metakrilat, S = stirena, V = vinil asetat, tuliskan nama
setiap kopolimer berikut :

MMMMMMMMMMMSVSVSVSVSV
S
S Poli[(metil metakrilat)-cangkok-
S stirena]-blok-poli[stirena-alt-(vinil
S asetat)]
S

SSSSSSSSSSVVVVVVVVVMMMMMMMM
Poli[stirena-blok-(vinil asetat) -blok-(metil metakrilat)]
 BBBBBBBBBBBVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
M M
M M
M M
Polibutadiena-blok-poli[(vinil
asetat)-cangkok-[(metil
M M
metakrilat)-blok-butadiena] B B
B B
B B
B B

MBMMBVBVVMBBMMVBBMV
Poli[(metil metakrilat)-ko-butadiena-ko-(vinil asetat)]