THERMOCHEMISTRY

THERMOCHEMISTRY
Branch of chemistry that
describes the energy
changes that occur during
chemical reaction.
FOR EXAMPLE:
The controlled combustion of
organic molecules, primarily
sugars and fats, within our cells
provides energy for physical
activity.
THERMODYNAMICS
 Came from the two Greek words: THERME
meaning Heat and DYNAMICS meaning
Motion of heat.
 Thermodynamics is a branch of physics
that deals with the relationships between
heat and other forms of energy.
 Usein IC Engine Automobiles, Steam
Engines, Steam Turbines, Gas Turbines, and
Power Generation.
TERMS USE IN
THERMODYNAMICS
1. SYSTEM
The part of universe on which
your focus is placed.
2. SURROUNDINGS
Every part of universe that is not
included in your system.
THREE TYPES OF SURROUNDING:
1. Open System
A system which can exchange mass as well as
energy with the surroundings
 Heat energy can flow.
 Air can go inside of it.
2. Closed System
A system which can exchange energy with the
surroundings but not mass.
 Energy can go while matter cannot.
3. Isolated System
Energy and matter cannot leave
or go inside of it.
Mass is isolated is fix and cannot
change.
3. ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS
A process that absorbs heat from the
surroundings.
 The
system gains heat as the surroundings cool
down.

4. EXOTHERMIC PROCESS
A process that releases heat to its surroundings.
 The system loses heat as the surroundings heat
up.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
5. CALORIMETRY
The precise measurement of the heat
flow into or out of a system for chemical
and physical process.
6. CALORIMETER
The insulated device used to measure
the absorption or release of heat in
chemical or physical processes.
7.ENERGY
Ability to do work.
8. HEAT
Energy that transfer from one object
to another because of a
temperature difference between
them. Heat always flows from an
object to a cooler object.
9. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
• In any chemical or physical
process, energy is neither created
nor destroyed.
10. THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATION
The chemical equation of a reaction
that includes heat as a reactant or
product.
11. THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
A condition in which temperature is
constant throughout a material and no
heat flow occurs from point to point.
12. STATE FUNCTION
Only depend on the current
(thermodynamic) state of the system.

Examples:
Mass, Pressure, Density, Energy,
Temperature, and Volume.
13. KINETIC ENERGY
The energy due to its motion.
Examples:
Water falling over the fall.
A Yo – Yo in motion.
14. POTENTIAL ENERGY
• The energy due to position.

Examples:
• Water at the top of the water fall.
• Yo – Yo held in your hand.
15. ENTROPY
• A measure of the amount of
the energy unavailable to do
work.
Examples:
A campfire is an example of
entropy. The solid wood burns
and becomes ash, smoke and
gases.
Ice Melting.
Salt or sugar dissolving.
16. SPONTANEITY
Also called SPONTANEOUS PROCESS.
Process that will occur on its own.
Examples:
 Ice melt into water.
 A ball will roll down an incline.
 Iron will rust.
17. ENTHALPY
The exchange of heat
energy between different
compounds or system.
Examples:
Fire
Heat of solution
Boiling
THE LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
1 ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

When energy passes, as work, as

heat, or with matter, into or out of
a system, the system’s internal
energy changes in accord with
the law of conservation of
energy.
Examples:

Sweating in a Crowded Room.

Melting Ice Cube.
Taking Bath.
Computations:

Heat and Work

Pressure – Volume Work
Calorimetry
Enthalpy
HEAT
Energy that transfer from one
object to another because of a
temperature difference between
them.
WORK
Using a force to move an object
Heat And Work:
Note:
Formula: SYSTEM
∆U = q + w w: - (done by the system)
w: + (done on the system)
Where:
∆U: Internal Energy SURROUNDINGS
q: Heat Energy q: + (absorb) (Endothermic)
w: Work
q: - (release) (Exothermic)
Sample Problem 1:

Calculate the change in the

internal energy of a system if
300 J of heat energy is
absorbed by the system and if
400 J of work is done on the
System.
Sample Problem 2:

The system releases 700 J of

heat energy and 300 J of
work is done by the system.
Calculate the change in the
internal energy of the system.
Sample Problem 3:

What is the change in the

internal energy of the system if
the surroundings gain 280 J of
heat energy and if 470 J of work
is performed by the
surroundings?
PRESSURE
IS A FORCE EXERTED BY THE
SUBSTANCE ON ANOTHER
SUBSTANCE
VOLUME
IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF
SPACE THAT A SUBSTANCE OR AN
OBJECT TAKES UP
VOLUME AND PRESSURE:
Note:
Formula:
W= P∆V Compression:
∆V: - W= -P∆V
W: + += -P(-)
Where:
W: Work Expansion:
P: Pressure ∆V: + W= -P∆V
∆V: Volume ( Vf – Vi) W: - += -P(+)
Sample Problem 1:

How much work is performed

by a gas as it expands from
25 L to 40 L against a
constant external pressure of
2.5 atm?
Sample Problem 2:
How much work is
required to compress a
gas from 50 L to 35 L at
constant pressure of 8
atm?
Sample Problem 3:

500 J of heat energy was absorted

from the surroundings and the gas
expanded from 30 L to 70 L against
a constant pressure of 2.8 atm.
Calculate the internal energy
change in joules.
HEAT:
Energy that transfer from one
object to another because of a
temperature difference between
them.
HEAT:
For SPECIFIC HEAT:
Substance Heat Capacity
Formula: (j/gC)

q = mc∆T H20 4.184

Pb 0.130

Where: Fe 0.452
Al 0.891
q: Heat (J, Cal,)
Ethanol 2.400
m: mass (g, kg, mg)
Air 0.718
c: Specific Heat
∆T: Temperature ( Tf – Ti) (C, K, F)
Sample Problem 1

How much heat is

required to warm
400g of ethanol from
25.0 C to 40 C.
Sample Problem 2

What mass of water

can be heated from
0.00 C to 25 C with
90,000 J of energy.
HESS’ LAW

States that regardless of

multiple stages or steps of
reaction, the total enthalpy
change for reaction is the sum
of all changes
Rules:
1. Multiply chemical equation and
multiply same number to ∆H.
2. wherever you flip a reaction
multiply by -1 the ∆H.
3. Add up chemical equations
(cancel all the liked terms) and
add all ∆H.
Sample Problem

 Find the ∆H.

5C + 6h2 = C5 H12
= C + 02 > C02 ∆H= -393.5 kj
= H2 + ½ O2 > H2O ∆H= -285.8 kj
= CH12 + 8O2 > 5CO2 + 6H2O ∆H= -3536 kj
Sample Problem 2

Find the ∆H.

C + 2h2 = CH4
= C + 02 > C02 ∆H= -393.5 kj
= H2 + ½ O2 > H2O ∆H= -285.8 kj
= CH4 + 2O > CO2 + 2H2O ∆H= -890.3 kj
CALORIMETRY
For Heat Capacity:
Substance Heat Capacity
Formula: (j/gC)

q= mc∆T H20 4.184

Pb 0.130

Where: Fe 0.452
Al 0.891
q: Heat (kj or J)
Ethanol 2.400
m: Mass (g)
Air 0.718
C: Heat Capacity (j/gC)
∆T: Temperature ( Tf – Ti) (C)
Sample Problem 1:

The specific heat of lead

is 0.129 J/gC. Find the
amount of heat released
when 497 gPb are cooled
from 37.2 C to 22.5 C.
Sample Problem 2:
When a 120 g sample of
aluminum absorbs 9612 J of
heat, its temperature
increases from 25.0 C to 150
C. Find the specific heat
capacity of aluminum.
ENTHALPY

Note:
Formula:
Substance Heat Capacity
∆H= mxsx∆T (j/gC)
H20 4.184
Where:
Pb 0.130
∆H: Change in Enthalpy Fe 0.452

m: mass of reactants Al 0.891

Ethanol 2.400
s: Specific heat Air 0.718

∆T: Change in Temperature

Sample Problem 1.

 Hydrogenreacts with oxygen to give water.

The chemical reaction is:
2H2 + O2 = H2O
Let us assume the temperature if
Ti (185 K) and Tf (-90k)
Steps:
1. Determine the Reactants.
2. Determine the total mass of reactants.
3. Determine the specific heat of the product.
4. Find the difference in temperature after completion of
Reaction.(Tf- Ti)
5. Use the formula: ∆H= mxsx∆T
6. Determine whether this reaction gaine or lost energy.
Endothermic: (+)
Exothermic: (-)
Sample Problem 2:

If 10.0 g of methane combust

completely, how much energy is
released?
CH4 + 2O2 > CO2 + 2H2O ∆H= -890.3 kj
Sample Problem 3:
1204 kj heat energy is released when
magnesium metal combines with oxygen.
2Mg + O2 > 2MgO ∆H= -1204 kj
a. Calculate the amount of heat
transferred when 2.40 g of magnesium
reacts
b. How many grams of magnesium oxide
are produced during an enthalpy of --
-96.0 kj
2 nd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

In a natural thermodynamics

process, the sum of the
entropies of the interacting
thermodynamic systems
increases.
Examples:

Human Body
• The chemical energy of food is
utilized by body to maintain its
temperature and to do work.
Hot Cup of Coffee kept on a table
• The coffee will eventually cool
down.
Computation:

Entropy
Entropy
Formula:
∆Ssurr = -∆H
T
Where:

∆Ssurr : Change in Entropy

-∆H: Negative Entropy change of reaction.
T: Kelvin Temperature
(C + 273K)
Sample Problems:
1. Which of the following processes is non
spontaneous?
A ball rolls down a hill.
 Iron
metal turns into rust in the presence of air
water.
 You clean your bedroom
 Heat throws from a hot object to a cold object.
 Gasoline reacts to produce oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:

Calculate the entropy change in

the surroundings of the reaction
shown below at 25C and 1 atm.
2CO + 1O2 = 2CO2
▲H = -566 k/j
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
320.3 g of sulfur dioxide reacts with excess
oxygen gas to produce sulfur trioxide as
shown in the reaction below at 25C and 1
atm. Calculate the entropy change in the
surroundings when the reaction goes to
completion.
2SO2 +1O2= 2SO3 ▲H = -198 k/j
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY

Sample Problem 1:
A block slides down a 150 m inclined plane
as shown in the picture below starting from
rest. What is the speed of the block when it
reaches the bottom of the incline.
 Sample Problem 2:
An 8kg block compresses a horizontal spring
K = 300N/m) by 2.5 m beyond its natural length as
shown in the figure below.
a. What is the speed of the horizontal as it’s released
from the spring?
b. How high up the hill will the block go?