• Types of aquaculture

1. On the basis of intensity

of inputs and stocking
density
1.1 Extensive
Aquaculture Systems 1.2 Semi intensive
1.3 Intensive

2. On the basis of enclosure

2.1 Cage culture
2.2 Pen culture

• Polyculture
Presented by: Shivani verma • Composite fish culture

M.F.Sc. I year
Types of aquaculture on the basis of intensity of inputs and stocking density
1. Extensive Fish Farming System
a. Least management form of fish farming
b. Pond size : 1-5 ha
c. Stocking density : 5000fishes/ha
d. Feed : No Supplementry feed , totally depend on natural food
e. Fertilization &manuring : No
f. Yield : 0.5- 2 ton/ha
g. Survival : Very low
h. Cost : Low
i. Profit & income : Low

2. Semi intensive farming system

a. This culture ststem is more prevalent and little care is taken
b. Pond size : 0.5 – 1 ha
c. Stocking density : 10,000 – 15,000 fish/ha
d. Feed : Natural feed
e. Fertilization & manuring : Yes
f. Yield : 3-10 ton/ha
g. Survival : High
3. Intensive Fish Farming System :
a. Well managed form of fish farming. Pond size : 0.4 to 1.0 ha size with water depth 1-4 m.
b. Attempts are made to achieve maximum production of fish form but a minimum quantity of
water.
c. This system involves small ponds/ tanks/raceways with very high stocking density ( 10-50
fish/m3).
d. Feed : Completely formulated feed
e. Water Quality Management : By the use of aerators and nutrition by use of high nutritious
feed.
f. Yield : 15 – 100 ton/ha
g. Cost : High
h. Highly profitable fish farming system
I : Aim : Higher fish production
j. Based on the production cycle, the carp culture can be single stocking-single harvest, single
stocking- multiple harvest and multiple stock – multiple harvesting on rotational type culture
Comparasion in between extensive, semi intensive and extensive fish farming system
S.No Parameters Traditional/Extensive culture Semi-intensive culture Intensive culture
.
1. Culture area Bheries, Pokkali rice fields, Ponds Ponds, cages, pens,
Mangrove water ways raft-tray, raft-ropes etc.
2 Preparation of culture area To a leaser extent To some extent To a great extent
3. Special installation No Vegetation: In prawn pond Paddle splashers or
for shelter & food conventional aerators
for oxygenation
4. Seed Source Auto stocking (tidal waters/ Collection from wild Induced breeding for
connected to natural water waters; selected & stocking uniform sized
bodies) stocked seeds of desired species
5. Stocking density Depending on richness in tidal Controlled(Max. 5/m3) Controlled(Max.
waters 100/m3)
6. Fertilization No Medium High
7. Food Source Natural food Natural Totally supplementary
water+Supplemenatry feed system
conventional food
8. Water quality analysis No Analysed monthly Weekly
9 Pests/disease High Medium Low
10. Loss due to predators/poaching High Medium Low

11. Survival rate 20-30% 60-70% 90%

12. Yield 0.5 - 1ton/ha/yr 3-10 ton/ha/yr 20 ton/ha/yr

13. Cost of production Low Medium High

14. Net income Low Medium High

15. Management Less Fair Intensive

16. Species used Monoculture or Monoculture Monoculture

Polyculture
17. Cropping Frequency 2 2.5 2.5

18. Engineering Design & layout May or may not be well With provisions for effective Very well engineered
laid-out water management system with pumps and
aerators too control
water quality and
quantity
Very big ponds Manageable-sized units(upto Small ponds, usually
2 ha each) 0.5-1 ha each
 Ponds may or may not be fully cleaned Fully Fully cleaned ponds Fully cleaned ponds
cleaned ponds

19. Quality of product Good quality Good quality Good quality

Culture species dominant but extraneous Confined to culture confines to culture

species may occur species species

Variable sizes Uniform sizes Uniform sizes

 Polyculture

• Culture more than one species in pond without overlapping their ecological niches.

• Efficiency utilize different level of food web in the pond (algae, aquatic plant, zooplankton,
benthos).

• History date back 2400 years ago in China.

• In this fish production system two or more different fish species are farmed or culture of fish
along with some other aquatic animals like shrimp or prawn.

• In this system of culture species with different habitats and different food preference are
stocked together in such densities that there will be almost no competition for food or space.

• Poly culture practices give higher yield than monoculture under the same conditions for fresh
water carp farming.
Sh
Biological basis of Carp Poly culture
• Species used in Indian polyculture system : Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, Silver carp, Grass carp and Common Carp and this system
sometimes called as “ Composite Culture”.

• The biological basis of polyculture is different fish species grow together in a pond with difference in feeding and living
behaviour.

• Principle Requirement :

1. They must be different in feeding habits.

2. They should occupy different columns in a pond system.
3. They should attain marketable size at the same time.
4. They should be non predatory in behaviour.

• Fish Combination:

• Each combination is based on 1 or 2major producing sp., other species are only complement of major sp.
• Better utilization of vertical water column, natural food
• Mutual benefit between sp. Achieve with stocking of reasonable proportion and species.
• Some sp. In combination play roles in maintenance of oxygen regim and ponds sanitarycondition.(exp : silver carp consume
on algae, grass carp consume on aquatic plant)
Example of fish combination :

 Comprises of surface, column and bottom feeder.

 Catla is surface and column feeder feed on algae, plankton, rotifer, protozoa , mollusc and macrophyte.

 Rohu is column feeder mainly feed on decaying macro phyte and algae.

 Mrigal is bottom feeder feed on algae, diatom, higher plant and detritus.

 Composite carp culture introduces grass carp and silver carp to improve production and control pond environment
condition.

Percentage of stocking Density of Fishes:

1. Catla and Silver carp : 30 – 35 %

2. Rohu : 15-20%
3. Mrigal and Common carp : 45%
4. Grass carp : 5 – 10 %
5. Excluding exotic carps : Catla 40%: Rohu 30% : Mrigal 30% = 4:3:3
Pond Culture Cage Culture Pen Culture
 Cage Culture
“Cageculture is rearing of fish from juvenile stage to commercial size in a volume of water
enclosed on all sides including bottom, while permitting the free circulation of water.”

Fish culture is readily adapted to water areas which cannot be drained

Fish culture in cage is an innovative concept to exploit the potential of lakes ,reservoirs and
riverine pools
Cage culture of fish and other aquatic organism is popular in many countries i.e. Japan , South
Korea, China, Phillipienes, Thiland, Malaysia, Germany, Norway, USA are some of the
countries where cage culture is well developed.
In principle, almost every cultivable species of fish can be cultured in cages, such as carps,
tilapia, trout, cat fishes etc. depending on socio economy, ecological and technical suitability.
 Type of Cages
Cages are three types

1. Surface cages resting on the bottom thus occupying the full water column

2. Cages floating at the water surface

3. Submerged cages either floating in mid water or resting on the bottom.

 Advantages of Cages Culture

 Use existing water bodies

 Technical simplicity with farms can be established or expanded
 Lower capital cost compared with land-based farms
 Easier stock management and monitoring compared with pond culture.

Disadvantages of Cages Culture

 Stock is vulnerable to external water quality problem eg. Algal blooms, low oxygen
 Stock is more vulnerable to fish eating predators such as water rats and birds.
 Growth rated are significantly influenced by ambient water temperatures.
 Due to high stocking densities, disease due to gill flukes, isopod parasites and vibrio are likely to occur in fishes
growing in cages.
 Cages also face certain problems like fouling of nets and frames.
 Abundance of seaweeds and their decomposition followed by release of hydrogen sulphide often bring out the
oxygen content of the cage culture site.
 Pen culture
“Pen culture is defined as raising of fish in a volume of water enclosed on all sides except
bottom, permitting the free circulation of water at least from one side.”

o This system can be considered a hybrid between pond culture and cage culture.

o Mostly shallow regions along shores and banks of the lake and reservoirs are used to
making pen/enclosure using net/wooden materials where fish can be raised.

o In a fish pen, the bottom of the lake forms the bottom of the pen.

o Pen has advantage of containing a benthic fauna which serves as food for the fish and
polyculture can be practiced in pens as it is in ponds.

o The environment in fish pen is characterized by the freeexchange of water with the
enclosing water body and high dissolved oxygen concentrations.
 Types of Pens

SINGLE LAYERED BAMBOO PEN SINGLE LAYERED PEN OF NYLON NET DOUBLE LAYERED PEN
(WEBBLING) TYPE
 Advantages of Pen culture
a. Intensive utilization of available space
b. Safety from predators
c. Suitability for culturing many varied species
d. Ease to harvest
e. The flexibility of size and economy
f. Availability of natural food and exchange of material with the bottom

Disadvantages of Pen culture

a. Higher demand for oxygen and water flow
b. Dependence on artificial feed.
c. Food losses
d. Pollution
e. Rapid spread of disease
f. Risk of theft
g. Conflict with multiple use of natural waters