1.

The bubble diameter at the time of detachment from

the surface can be worked out from the relation
proposed by
a) Stanton
b) Fritz
c) Fourier
d) Nusselt

Answer: b
Explanation: It is given by Fritz, an American scientist.
2. The nucleate pool boiling is influenced by the following factors
(1) Pressure
(2) Liquid properties
(3) Material
Identify the correct statements
a) i, ii and iii
b) ii only
c) i and ii
d) ii and iii

• Answer: a
Explanation: It depends on pressure, material and liquid properties.
3. Consider the following phenomena
(i) Boiling
(ii) Free convection in air
(iii) Forced convection in air
(iv) Conduction in air
Identify the correct sequence (heat transfer coefficient)
a) iii – iv – i – ii
b) iv – i – iii – ii
c) iv – iii – ii – i
d) iv – ii – iii – i

• Answer: d
Explanation: Heat transfer coefficient is maximum for conduction in
air and is least for boiling.
4. The bubble diameter at the time of detachment
from the surface can be worked out from the
relation proposed by Fritz and is given by
a) C d β [2 σ/g (p t – p v)].
b) C d β [2 σ/g (p t – p v)] 3/2
c) C d β [2 σ/g (p t – p v)] 1/2
d) C d β [2 σ/g (p t – p v)] 5/2

• Answer: c
Explanation: The constant C d has the value 0.0148 for water bubbles.
5. In spite of large heat transfer coefficient in
boiling liquids, fins are used advantageously when
the entire surface is exposed to
a) Film boiling
b) Transition boiling
c) Nucleate boiling
d) All modes of boiling

• Answer: d
Explanation: Here all modes of boiling i.e. film, transition and
nucleate are of great importance.
6. With increase in excess temperature, the heat
flux in boiling
a) Increases continuously
b) Decreases and then increases
c) Decreases, then increases and again decreases
d) Increases, then decreases and again increases

• Answer: d
Explanation: It first increases to 50% then decreases not to zero and
again increases to its maximum value.
7. The excess temperature range 50 degree Celsius
< d t < 200 degree Celsius is indicative of the
region of
a) Interface evaporation
b) Nuclear boiling
c) Partial film boiling
d) Stable film boiling
• Answer: c
Explanation: The physical phenomenon of pool boiling is generally
divided into four different regions based on the excess temperature.
8. Heat flux increases with temperature
excess beyond the Leiden-frost point due to
a) Radiation effect becomes predominant
b) Occurrence of subcooled boiling
c) Vapor space become large
d) Promotion of nucleate boiling
• Answer: a
Explanation: Heat flux increases with temperature excess beyond the
Leiden-frost point due to radiation effect becomes predominant.
9. Leiden-frost expansion is related to
a) Condensation of vapor on a cold surface
b) Exchange of heat between two solids
c) Evaporation of a solution
d) Boiling of liquid on a hot surface

• Answer: d
Explanation: It is related to boiling of liquid on a hot surface.
10. Consider the following statements regarding nucleate boiling
(i) The temperature of the surface is greater than the saturation temperature of
the liquid
(ii) Bubbles are created by the expansion of entrapped gas oil vapor at small
cavities in the surface
(iii) The temperature is greater than that in film boiling
(iv) The heat transfer from the surface to the liquid is greater than that in the film
boiling
Which of these statements are correct?
a) i and iii
b) i, ii and iv
c) ii, iii and iv
d) i, ii and iii

• Answer: b
Explanation: The temperature must be less than that in film boiling.
1. Boiling refers to a change from the
a) Solid to a liquid phase
b) Vapor to a liquid phase
c) Liquid to a solid phase
d) Liquid to a vapor phase

• Answer: d
Explanation: Boiling is a convective heat transfer process that is
associated with a change in the phase of a fluid.
2. The boiling process has wide-spread applications in
(i) Production of steam in nuclear and steam power plants for generation
and for industrial processes and space heating
(ii) Absorption of heat in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems
(iii) Concentration, dehydration and drying of foods and materials
Identify the correct statements
a) i and ii
b) ii and iii
c) i, ii and iii
d) i and iii

• Answer: c
Explanation: Boiling constitutes the convective heat transfer process
that involves a phase change from liquid to vapor state.
3. Maximum heat transfer rate in a modern
boiler is about
a) 2 * 10 5 W/m2
b) 3 * 10 5 W/m2
c) 4 * 10 5 W/m2
5
d) 5 * 10 W/m 2

• Answer: a
Explanation: Greater importance has recently been given to the
boiling heat transfer.
4. Which type of boiling occurs in steam
boilers employing natural convection?
a) Forced convection
b) Pool
c) Local
d) Saturated
• Answer: b
Explanation: The liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant
and the only motion near the surface is because of free convection.
5. In which type of boiling the fluid motion is
induced by external means?
a) Pool
b) Local
c) Forced convection
d) Subcooled
• Answer: c
Explanation: The liquid is pumped and forced across the surface in a
controlled manner.
6. The temperature of the liquid is below the
saturation temperature and boiling takes place
only in vicinity of the heated surface. This type of
boiling is known as
a) Subcooled
b) Forces
c) Saturated
d) Pool
• Answer: a
Explanation: The vapor bubbles travel a short path and then vanish, apparently
they condense in the bulk of the liquid which is at a temperature less than the
boiling point.
7. In which type of boiling the temperature of the
liquid exceeds the saturation temperature?
a) Forced
b) Saturated
c) Pool
d) Saturated

• Answer: d
Explanation: The vapor bubbles generated at the solid surface are transported
through the liquid by buoyancy effects and eventually escape from the surface.
8. The phenomenon of stable film boiling is
referred to as
a) Nucleate effect
b) Boiling regimes
c) Leiden frost effect
d) Von karma effect

• Answer: c
Explanation: This is the region of stable film boiling.
9. For water evaporating at atmospheric pressure,
the burnout occurs at temperature excess slightly
above
a) 25 K
b) 55 K
c) 75 K
d) 105 K
• Answer: b
Explanation: The burnout point on the boiling curve represents the point of
maximum heat flux at which transition occurs from nucleate to film boiling.
10. The boiling phenomenon is known to
occur in how many forms?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
• Answer: d
Explanation: Pool, forced convection, subcooled and saturated
boiling.
1. Reynolds number is replaced by a modulus
significant of the agitation of the fluid particles in
nucleate boiling. Such a dimensionless modulus is
defined by the relation
a) Re b = 2 D b G b/δ f
b) Re b = D b G b/δ f
c) Re b = ½ D b G b/δ f
d) Re b = 3 D b G b/δ f
• Answer: b
Explanation: This nucleate boiling regime is of great importance because of the very high heat
fluxes possible with moderate temperature differences. Where, D b is the average bubble
diameter, G b is the mass velocity of the bubble per unit area and δ f is the fluid viscosity.
2. The bubble diameter has been expressed
by Fritz as
a) D b = C d β [2 σ/g (p f – p g)] 1/2
b) D b = C d β [2 σ/g (p f – p g)] 3/2
c) D b = C d β [2 σ/g (p f – p g)] 5/2
d) D b = C d β [2 σ/g (p f – p g)] 7/2

• Answer: a
Explanation: C d is a constant which has been evaluated as 0.0148 for hydrogen
and water bubbles. Where, C d is a constant, σ is surface tension of the liquid and
β is the bubble contact angle measured through liquid in degrees.
3. What is the value of surface fluid constant
for water-copper combination?
a) 0.010
b) 0.011
c) 0.012
d) 0.013

• Answer: d
Explanation: The surface fluid regime is of great importance because of the
very high heat fluxex possible with moderate temperature differences.
4. What is the value of surface fluid constant
for water-brass combination?
a) 0.004
b) 0.005
c) 0.006
d) 0.007
• Answer: c
Explanation: For H 2 O and Brass combination, this value must lie
between 0.0056 to 0.00062.
5. Spherical bubbles of 3 mm diameter are observed in the bulk fluid boiling of water
at standard atmospheric pressure. Assuming pure water vapor in the bubble and
vapor pressure equal to 101.325 k N/m2, calculate the temperature of the vapor
a) 100.217 degree Celsius
b) 200.217 degree Celsius
c) 300.217 degree Celsius
d) 400.217 degree Celsius

• Answer: a
Explanation: T v – T sat = (2 σ/r – p g) R v T V2/p v h f g.
6. An electric wire of 1.25 mm diameter and 250 mm long is laid
horizontally and submerged in water at 7 bar. The wire has an
applied voltage of 2.2 V and carries a current of 130 amperes. If
the surface of the wire is maintained at 200 degree Celsius,
make calculations for the heat flux
a) 0.0915 * 10 6 W/m2
b) 0.1915 * 10 6 W/m2
c) 0.2915 * 10 6 W/m2
d) 0.3915 * 10 6 W/m2

• Answer: c
Explanation: Q= V I = 286 W and A = 9.81 * 10 -4 m2. Therefore heat
flux = Q/A.
7. Consider the above problem, find the
boiling heat transfer coefficient
a) 5330 W/m2 K
b) 6330 W/m2 K
c) 7330 W/m2 K
d) 8330 W/m K 2

• Answer: d
Explanation: Q = h A d t. So, h = 8330 W/m2 K.
8. Which of the following parameters affect burnout heat flux in the
nucleate boiling region
(i) Heat of evaporation
(ii) Temperature difference
(iii) Density of vapor
(iv) Density of liquid
(v) Surface tension at the vapor-liquid interface
Mark the correct answer from the codes indicated below
a) i, ii, iii and v
b) i, iii, iv and v
c) i, ii, iii and iv
d) i, iii and v

• Answer: b
Explanation: Acc to Zuber relation, burn out (Q/A) = 0.18 p g h f g [p
(p f – p g)/p g 2] 0.25 [p f/p g + p f] 0.5.
9. All the following statements are correct, except
a) Nucleate boiling gets promoted on a smooth surface
b) In subcooled heating, the temperature of the heating surface is
more than the boiling point of the liquid
c) Film boiling region is usually avoided in commercial equipment
d) There occurs transition from nucleate to film boiling burn-out
point on the boiling curve

• Answer: a
Explanation: A rough surface gives a better heat transmission than when the
surface is either smooth or has been coated to weak its tendency to get wetted.
10. Milk spills over when it is boiled in an open
vessel. The boiling of milk at this instant is referred
to as
a) Interface evaporation
b) Sub-cooled boiling
c) Film boiling
d) Saturated nucleate boiling

• Answer: b
Explanation: This is an application of sub-cooled boiling.
The heat flux in nucleate boiling varies in
accordance with
a) h f g
b) (h f g) 0.5
c) 1/(h f g) 2
d) (h f g) 3

• Answer: c
Explanation: Q/A = δ f h f g [(p f – p g) g/σ] 0.5 [C f d t/h f g p C s f] 3.
 In nucleate pool boiling, the heat flux depends on
a) Liquid properties, material and condition of the
surface
b) Material of the surface only
c) Material and roughness of the surface
d) Liquid properties and material of the surface

• Answer: a
Explanation: The heat flux must depends on liquid properties material
and condition of the surface.
Identify the wrong statement with respect to boiling heat transfer?
a) The steam boilers employing natural convection have steam
raised through pool boiling
b) Boiling occurs when a heated surface is exposed to a liquid
and maintained at a temperature lower than the saturation
temperature of the liquid
c) Leiden-frost effect refers to the phenomenon of stable film
boiling
d) The nucleation boiling is characterized by the formation of
bubbles at the nucleation sites and the resulting liquid agitation

• Answer: b
Explanation: For boiling to occur, the heated surface must be exposed to a liquid
and maintained at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature of the
liquid.
Estimate the peak heat flux for water boiling at normal atmospheric
pressure. The relevant thermo-physical properties are
p f (liquid) = 958.45 kg/m3
p g (vapor) = 0.61 kg/m3
h f g = 2.25 * 10 6 J/kg
σ = 0.0585 N/m
a) 1.53 * 10 8 W/m2
b) 1.53 * 10 7 W/m2
c) 1.53 * 10 6 W/m2
d) 1.53 * 10 5 W/m2

• Answer: c
Explanation: (Q/A) = 0.18 p g h f g [σ (p f – p g)/p g 2] 0.25.
 Condensation refers to a change from the
a) Solid to a liquid phase
b) Vapor to a liquid phase
c) Liquid to a solid phase
d) Liquid to a vapor phase

• Answer: b
Explanation: Condensation is a convective heat transfer process that
is associated with a change in the phase of a fluid.
The convective coefficients for condensation
usually lie in the range
a) 30-300 W/m2 K
b) 60-3000 W/m2 K
c) 300-10000 W/m2 K
d) 2500-10000 W/m K 2

• Answer: d
Explanation: The convective coefficient for condensation should be high
because condensation refers to a change from the vapor to a liquid phase.
Drop wise condensation usually occurs on
a) Oily surface
b) Glazed surface
c) Smooth surface
d) Coated surface

• Answer: a
Explanation: It generally occurs on oily surface. It is the convective heat
transfer process that is associated with a change in the phase of a fluid.
Saturated steam is allowed to condense over a vertical flat
surface and the condensate film flows down the surface. The
local coefficient of heat transfer for condensation
a) Remains constant at all heights of the surface
b) Decreases with increasing distance from the top of the surface
c) Increases with increasing thickness of film
d) Increases with increasing temperature differential between the
surface and vapour

• Answer: b
Explanation: It decreases with increasing thickness of
condensate film.
In condensation over a vertical surface, the value of convection
coefficient varies as
a) k 0.25
b) k 0.33
c) k 0.75
d) k -0.5

• Answer: a
Explanation: h = 0.943 [k 3 p 2 g h f g/δ l (t sat – t s)] 0.25.
For film wise condensation on a vertical plane, the film thickness
δ and heat transfer coefficient h vary with distance x from the
leading edge as
a) δ decreases, h increases
b) Both δ and h increases
c) δ increases, h decreases
d) Both δ and h decreases

• Answer: c
Explanation: Thickness increases and heat transfer coefficient
decreases.
The energy transfer between the hot fluid and cold fluids is
brought about by their complete physical mixing in
a) Direct contact heat exchanger
b) Regenerators
c) Recuperators
d) Boilers

• Answer: a
Explanation: In this type of heat exchanger, there is a simultaneous
transfer of heat and mass.
Many types of heat exchangers have been developed to meet
the widely varying applications. Based upon their
(i) Operating principle
(ii) Arrangement of flow path
(iii) Design
Identify the correct statements
a) i, ii and iii
b) i and ii
c) ii and iii
d) i and iii

• Answer: a
Explanation: Heat exchanger is a process equipment designed for the
effective transfer of heat energy between two fluids.
How many fluids remain at a constant temperature during the
process of boiling and condensation?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

• Answer: a
Explanation: During the process of boiling and condensation, only a phase
change takes place and one fluid remain at a constant temperature.
Hot water having specific heat 4200 J/kg K flows through a heat
exchanger at the rate of 4 kg/min with an inlet temperature of 100 degree
Celsius. A cold fluid having a specific heat 2400 J/kg K flows in at a rate
of 8 kg/min and with inlet temperature 20 degree Celsius. Make
calculations for maximum possible effectiveness if the fluid flow conforms
to parallel flow arrangement
a) 0.533
b) 0.633
c) 0.733
d) 1

• Answer: a
Explanation: Maximum possible effectiveness = 1 – exponential
(- infinity)/1 + C = 0.533.
A counter flow heat exchanger is used to col 2000 kg/hr of oil
(c p = 2.5 k J/kg K) from 105 degree Celsius to 30 degree Celsius
by the use of water entering at 15 degree Celsius. If the overall
heat transfer coefficient is expected to be 1.5 k W/m2 K, find out
the water flow rate. Presume that the exit temperature of the
water is not to exceed 80 degree Celsius
a) 1680.2 kg/hr
b) 1580.2 kg/hr
c) 1480.2 kg/hr
d) 1380.2 kg/hr

• Answer: d
Explanation: Mass flow rate of coolant = 2000 (2.5) (105-30)/4.18 (80-
15) = 1380.2 kg/hr.
A cold fluid (specific heat 2.95 k J/kg K) at 10 kg/min is to be
heated from 25 degree Celsius to 55 degree Celsius in a heat
exchanger. The task is accomplished by extracting heat from hot
water (specific heat 4.186 k J /kg K) available at mass flow rate 5
kg/min and inlet temperature 85 degree Celsius. Identify the type
of arrangement of the heat exchanger
a) Concentric tubes
b) Parallel flow
c) Counter flow
d) Shell and tubes

• Answer: c
Explanation: m h c h (t h 1 – t h 2) = m c c c (t c 2 – t c 1).
In a food processing plant, a brine solution is heated from – 12
degree Celsius to – 65 degree Celsius in a double pipe parallel
flow heat exchanger by water entering at 35 degree Celsius and
leaving at 20.5 degree Celsius. Let the rate of flow is 9 kg/min.
Estimate the area of heat exchanger for an overall heat transfer
coefficient of 860 W/m2 K. For water c P = 4.186 * 10 3 J/kg K
a) 1. 293 m2
b) 0.293 m2
c) 7. 293 m2
d) 8. 293 m2

• Answer: b
Explanation: Q = m c P d t = 9104.5 J/s. A = Q/ U α m.
For what value of end temperature difference ratio, is the
arithmetic mean temperature difference 5% higher than the log-
mean temperature difference?
a) 2.4
b) 2.3
c) 2.2
d) 2.1

• Answer: c
Explanation: α 1/ α 2 = 2.2.
For evaporators and condensers, for the given conditions, the
logarithmic mean temperature difference for parallel flow is
a) Does not depend on counter flow
b) Smaller than counter flow
c) Greater than counter flow
d) Equal to counter flow

• Answer: d
Explanation: The temperature of one of the fluid remains constant
during the flow passage.
A cross flow type air heater has an area of 50 cm2. The overall
heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2 K and heat capacity of both
hot and cold stream is 1000 W/m K. The value of NTU is
a) 1000
b) 500
c) 5
d) 0.2

• Answer: b
Explanation: NTU = A U/C MIN = 5.
In a balanced counter flow heat exchanger with m h c h = m c c c,
the NTU is equal to unity. What is the effectiveness of heat
exchanger?
a) 0.5
b) 1.5
c) 0.33
d) 0.2

• Answer: a
Explanation: Effectiveness = NTU/NTU – 1 = 0.5.
 In a surface condenser, the water flowing through a series of tubes at the
rate of 200 kg/hr is heated from 15 degree Celsius to 75 degree Celsius.
The steam condenses on the outside surface of tubes at atmospheric
pressure and the overall heat transfer coefficient is estimated at 860 k
J/m2 hr degree. Find the number of transfer units of the heat exchanger.
At the condensing pressure, stream has saturation temperature 0f 100
degree Celsius and the latent heat of vaporization is 2160 k J/kg. Further,
the steam is initially just saturated and the condensate leaves the
exchanger without sub-cooling i.e. only latent heat of condensing steam
is transferred to water. Take specific heat of water as 4 k J/kg K
a) 3.224
b) 2.224
c) 1.224
d) 0.224
• Answer: c
Explanation: Effectiveness = 1 – exponential [- NTU].
Consider the above problem, find the steam condensation rate
a) 52.22 kg/hr
b) 42.22 kg/hr
c) 32.22 kg/hr
d) 22.22 kg/hr

• Answer: d
Explanation: m h f g = m c c c (t c 2 – t c 1).
 NTU is a number of transfer units, dimensionless parameter
defined as
a) U A/C MIN
b) 2 U A/C MIN
c) 3 U A/C MIN
d) 4 U A/C MIN

• Answer: a
Explanation: The number of transfer units is a measure of the size of the heat
exchanger, it provides some indication of the size of the heat exchanger.