Technique for

Necessary when data

assuring that a
is being sent faster
transmitting entity
than it can be
does not overwhelm
processed by
a receiving entity
receiver
with data

One of the primary

Prevents buffers functions performed
from overflowing at the data link layer
of OSI
Two types of errors
Lost frame
A frame fails to arrive at the other side
Damaged frame
A recognizable frame does arrive, but some of the bits
are in error
Collectively referred to as automatic repeat request
(ARQ), common techniques for error control are:
Error detection
Positive acknowledgment
Retransmission after timeout
Negative acknowledgment and retransmission
The higher the data rate, the more
cost-effective the transmission
facility
• Cost per kbps declines with an increase in
the data rate of the transmission facility Most individual data
• Cost of transmission and receiving communicating devices require
equipment, per kbps, declines with relatively modest data rate support
increasing data rate
 The composite
signal arrives at
These are sent
a demultiplexer
A number of to a multiplexer Optical
where the
Same general sources that amplifiers
component
architecture as generate a laser consolidates the amplify all of
channels are
other FDM beam at sources for the
separated and
systems different transmission wavelengths
sent to
wavelengths over a single simultaneously
receivers at the
fiber line
destination
point

ADSL uses frequency-division
modulation (FDM) to exploit
the 1-MHz capacity of twisted
pair
Asymmetric because ADSL
provides more capacity
downstream (from the carrier’s
central office to the customer’s
site) than upstream (from
customer to carrier)

Provides a perfect fit for

Internet access
Entire frequency band for the upstream channel
overlaps the lower portion of the downstream channel
Advantages
The higher the frequency, the greater the attenuation
More flexible for changing upstream capacity
Disadvantages
Need for echo cancellation logic on both ends of line
Long-distance carrier system
designed to transmit voice
signals over high-capacity
transmission links such as
optical fiber, coaxial cable,
and microwave
Evolution of these networks
to digital involved adoption
of synchronous TDM
transmission structures
21
Transmission facilities supporting DS-1
Often used for leased dedicated transmission
between customer premises
Private voice networks
Private data network
Video teleconferencing
High-speed digital facsimile
Internet access
 Synchronous Specifications for
SONET is an optical It has been
Digital Hierarchy taking advantage
transmission standardized by
(SDH), a of the high-speed
interface that was ANSI for voice,
compatible digital
originally designed long-haul data,
version, has been transmission
for the public and/or video
published by ITU- capability of
telephone network traffic applications
T optical fiber
Frequency-division multiple
access (FDMA)
• Radio spectrum used to connect mobile
devices and cell towers is divided into
separate frequency channels, each
capable of carrying one call

Frequency-division duplexing
(FDD)
• Two distinct frequency bands are used
– one band carries uplink channels
(mobile device to cell tower) and the
second carries downlink channels (cell
tower to mobile device)
These approaches are being
replaced by time-division
multiple access (TDMA) and
code-division multiple access
(CDMA) in cellular networks
 Flow control
 Error control  Synchronous TDM
 Motivation for  The TDM mechanism
multiplexing  Digital carrier systems
 FDM  T-1 facilities
 WDM  SONET/SDH
 ADSL  Cellular and cordless
phone systems

Chapter 6: Data Link Control and Multiplexing