Non-Steady State Conduction

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Non-steady State Conduction
Goals:
By the end of today’s lecture, you should be able to:
 define the mechanisms for non-steady state conduction
 determine the time required to transfer heat to and from:
 flat plates
 cylinders
 spheres

 describe the difference between constant surface

combined convection and conduction.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

Outline:

I. Conduction for a constant boundary surface temperature

• Flat plate
• Cylinder
• Sphere

II. Conduction for a rate based boundary temperature

• Flat plate
• Cylinder
• Sphere

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Infinitely long solid slab (no end effects)
(constant surface temperature)

Heat Balance
dx

 2T T
kA 2 dxdt   c p Adx dt
x t
2s

Ts Ts

Heat Flow Heat Flow

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Divide by  cp A dx dt to yield:

T k  2T  2T
  2 Where:  = thermal diffusivity = k/cp
t  c p x x

1) T  Ta at t  0 for all x
Boundary Conditions: 2) T  Ts at x  s for all t
T
3)  0 at x  0
x

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Integrated Solution:

Ts  Tb 8  a1Fo 1 9 a1Fo 1 25a1Fo 

 2 e  e  e  .......
Ts  Ta   9 25 

Where: Ts = constant average temperature of surface

Ta = initial temperature of slab
Tb = average temperature of the slab at time t
Fo = Fourier number =  tT/s2
 = thermal diffusivity = k/cp
tT time for heating
s = one-half slab thickness
a1 = (/2)2

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Neglect all but first term (for Fo greater than 0.1) and get:

8 Ts  Ta 
2
1  2s 
tT    ln 2
     Ts  Tb 

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 For infinitely long (no end effects) cylinder:

Ts  Tb
 0.692e 5.78Fo  0.131e 30.5 Fo  0.0534e 74.9 Fo
Ts  Ta

Where: Fo =  tT / rm2

 rm 2  0.692 Ts  Ta 
tT    ln
 5.78 
 Ts  Tb 

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 For a sphere:

Ts  Tb
 0.608e 9.87 Fo  0.152e 39.5 Fo  0.0676e 88.8 Fo
Ts  Ta

Where: Fo =  tT / rm2

 rm 2  0.608 Ts  Ta 
tT    ln
 9 .87 
 Ts  Tb 

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Constant surface temperature plot

Figure 10.5

Average temperatures during unsteady-state heating or cooling of a large

slab, and infinitely long cylinder, or a sphere.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 A sphere – heat transfer at boundary function of convective rate

Tf
Ts

 T 
 hT f  Ts   k  
q
A  r  r  R

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Biot number ( Bi) = convection / conduction

hs
Bi  Flat plate
k

hrm
Bi  Cylinder and sphere
k

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

For a sphere at low Biot number:

Assuming an effective internal coefficient and an overall heat-transfer coefficient

4
 c p   rm 3 
 dTb
2

 U 4 rm T f  Tb 
3  dt

1 1 rm
  Empirical coupled convection / conduction coefficent
U h 5k

dTb 3U dt

T f  Tb  c p rm

T f  Tb  3U t
ln 
T f  Ta  c p rm

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Conductive / convective mechanism plot

Figure 10.7

Change with time of the average temperature of a slab with external

convective resistance.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Conductive / convective mechanism plot

Figure 10.8

Change with time of the average temperature of a sphere with external

convective resistance.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Semi-infinite Solid

Ts  T 2 Ts

 dZ
Z

2
e
Ts  Ta 
x
Z
2 t

Solid

T at time t and position x

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Semi-infinite Solid
x

Ts

Solid

Graphical solution to preceding equation

T at time t

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Problem Solution Matrix
Geometry Non-Steady State Steady State
(sphere, slab, cylinder) Problem Statement Calculate
U,DT,Q,A

Constant Surface (Ts) Ts

or TAvg or T Position
Convective Film (Tf)
Tf T Position

Calculate TAvg
Uo or ho
TAvg or T Position
Resources
TAvg Fig. 11.1.2

T Position Fig. 10.5

Resources
Fig. 10.7 Fig. 11.1.3
Resources Fig. 10.8
Fig. (b-g) Eqn. 10.32

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Ten Minute Problem - The Thanksgiving Turducken
I am cooking a 20 lb turducken (a turkey - stuffed with a duck - stuffed with a chicken –
stuffed with stuffing – see photo below) for Thanksgiving dinner. How long will it take to cook ???

Initial temperature (T) of turducken on my kitchen counter = 70 F

T oven = 350 F
T of stuffing for a "done" turducken = 165 F
External heat transfer coefficient for my Magic Chef natural circulating oven = 0.40 BTU / hr ft2 F

Assume the turducken is a fat thing that approximates a spherical geometry.

Volume = 4/3  r3
Surface area = 4  r2
Effective density of turducken = 65 lb/ ft3
Effective heat capacity of turducken = 0.83 BTU / lb F
Thermal conductivity of turducken = 0.35 BTU / ft hr F

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014
CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014