EAS 151 STATIC AND DYNAMICS

SYSTEM OF FORCES AND MOMENT

SEM. 1 2019/2020
DR NOORHAZLINDA ABD RAHMAN
celindarahman@usm.my
Ext: 6261
LECTURE 2: 30/09/2019
MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT
A SPECIFIED AXIS

Student should be able to

determine the moment of
a force about an axis
using:
1. Scalar analysis;
2. Vector analysis.
 READING QUIZ

1. When determining the 2. The triple scalar product u •

moment of a force about a
specified axis, the axis must
be along______.
A). the x-axis;
B). the y-axis;
C). the z-axis;
D). any line in 3-D space;
E). any line in the x-y plane.
( r x F ) results in______.
A). a scalar quantity ( + or - ).
B). a vector quantity.
C). zero.
D). a unit vector.
E). an imaginary number.
 READING QUIZ

1. When determining the 2. The triple scalar product u •

moment of a force about a
specified axis, the axis must
be along______.
A). the x-axis;
B). the y-axis;
C). the z-axis;
D). any line in 3-D space;
E). any line in the x-y plane.
( r x F ) results in______.
A). a scalar quantity (+ or -).
B). a vector quantity.
C). zero.
D). a unit vector.
E). an imaginary number.
 APPLICATION

With the force P, a person is creating a moment MA using this

flex-handle socket wrench. Does all of MA act to turn the socket?
How would you calculate an answer to this question?
 APPLICATION

Sleeve A of this bracket can provide a maximum resisting moment

of 125 N·m about the x-axis. How would you determine the
maximum magnitude of F before turning about the x-axis occurs?
 MOMENT OF AN AXIS (SCALAR
ANALYSIS)
In some cases, the moment
produced by a force about a
specified axis is to be
determined instead of the total
moment.

Suppose, the lug nut at O on the

car tire needs to be loosened.

To determine the turning How to determine the moment

effect of the nut, only the y of a force F about the y-axis?
component of the moment is
needed, and the total moment, There are 2 ways: (1) scalar
(MO) produced is not important. analysis; (2) vector analysis.
 MOMENT OF AN AXIS (SCALAR
ANALYSIS)
Using scalar analysis:
The moment of a force F about
the y-axis, My = F.dy

dy is the moment arm or

perpendicular distance from the
y-axis to the line of action
(LOA) of force F. dy = d cos θ.

Hence, My = F.d cos θ In general, for any axis a, the

According to the right hand
rule, My is directed along the
positive y-axis.
moment is:
Ma = F.da
da is the moment arm or
perpendicular distance from the
a-axis to the LOA of force F.
 MOMENT OF AN AXIS (VECTOR
ANALYSIS)
Using vector analysis – the 2-steps
process:
1. Determine the moment of the
force about point O using MO =
r x F.
2. Then, determine the projection
of MO onto the y-axis using
the dot product:
My = j.MO = j.(r x F)

j = unit vector for the y-axis.

r = position vector drawn from O
to any point on the LOA of
the force F.
 MOMENT OF AN AXIS (VECTOR
ANALYSIS)
To determine moment directly
without using the 2-steps process.
b

Let consider a body of arbitrary

shape. The body is subjected to the
force F acting at point A.

The effect of F in tending to rotate

the body about the aa’ axis is b'
measured by Ma.

a'
 MOMENT OF AN AXIS (VECTOR
ANALYSIS)
To determine Ma – triple scalar
product is used:
b
1. Compute the moment of F
about any arbitrary point O
that lies on the aa’ -axis.
Using MO = r x F. r = position
vector
(MO acts along the bb’-axis)
directed
2. The component/projection from O to A.
of MO onto the aa’-axis, b'
called Ma is determined by ua = unit
the dot product Ma = MO . ua. vector of aa’-
axis
3. Or simply to determine
moment about an a-axis:
Ma = ua . MO = ua . (r x F). a'
 MOMENT OF AN AXIS (VECTOR
ANALYSIS)
To determine Ma – triple scalar
product (continued):
4. In Cartesian form:
5. In the form of a
determinant:
6. When Ma is evaluated, it will
yield +ve or –ve scalar. The
sign of this scalar indicates
the sense of direction of Ma
along the aa’-axis.
7. If +ve, then Ma will have the
same sense as ua, whereas if
–ve, then Ma will act
opposite to ua.
 EXAMPLE 3

GIVEN:
A force is applied to the tool
as shown.

FIND:
The magnitude of the moment of
this force about the x axis.

PLAN:
1. Use:

2. Find F in Cartesian form.

3. Determine rOA.
4. Determine ux.
5. Determine Mx.
 EXAMPLE 3

Determine rOA:
B O = (0, 0, 0)
A = (0, 0.3, 0.25)
---------------------
OA = (0, 0.3, 0.25)
rOA = (0.3 j + 0.25 k) m

Determine ux.
C ux = i

Determine Mx.
Find F in Cartesian form. D
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
A F = 200 (cos 120o i + cos 60o j + cos 45o k) 𝑴𝒙 = 0 0.3 0.25
F = (- 100 i + 100 j + 141.4 k) N −100 100 141.4
𝑴𝒙 = 17.4 Nm
 CONCEPT QUIZ
The vector operation (P x Q) • R equals _______
A). P x (Q • R). B). R • (P x Q).
C). (P • R) x (Q • R). D). (P x R) • (Q x R).

The force F is acting along DC.

Using the triple scalar product to
determine the moment of F about the
bar BA, you could use any of the
following position vectors except:
A). rBC B). rAD
C). rAC D). rDB
E). rBD
 CONCEPT QUIZ
The vector operation (P x Q) • R equals _______
A). P x (Q • R). B). R • (P x Q).
C). (P • R) x (Q • R). D). (P x R) • (Q x R).

The force F is acting along DC.

Using the triple scalar product to
determine the moment of F about the
bar BA, you could use any of the
following position vectors except:
A). rBC B). rAD
C). rAC D). rDB
E). rBD
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING 3

GIVEN:
The hood of the automobile is
supported by the strut AB, which
exerts a force F = 120 N.

FIND:
The moment of F about the
hinged axis y.

WHAT IS YOUR PLAN?

1. Use My = uy • (rAB x F)
2. Find uAB from rAB
3. Find F in Cartesian vector form using uAB.
4. Determine moment about y-axis.
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING 3

Determine uAB:
C rAB = −0.6 2 + 0.6 2 + 1.2 2

rAB = 1.470 m

Determine F:
D (−0.6 i + 0.6 j + 1.2 k)
F = 120
1.470
F = (– 49.0 i + 49.0 j + 98.0 k) N

Determine u. Determine My.

A u =j
E
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
Determine rAB:
B A = (1.2, 0, 0)
𝑴𝒚 = −0.6 0.6 1.2
−49 49 𝟗𝟖
B = (0.6, 0.6, 1.2) 𝑴𝒙 = −17.6 Nm
---------------------
B-A = (-0.6, 0.6, 1.2)
rOA = (-0.6 i + 0.6 j + 1.2 k) m
 ATTENTION QUIZ
For finding the moment of the force F about the x-axis, the
position vector in the triple scalar product should be________
A). rAC B). rBA
C). rAB D). rBC

If r = {1 i + 2 j} m and
F = {10 i + 20 j + 30 k} N,
then the moment of F about
the y-axis is ____ N·m.
A). 10 B). -30
C). -40 D). None of the above.
 ATTENTION QUIZ
For finding the moment of the force F about the x-axis, the
position vector in the triple scalar product should be________.
A). rAC B). rBA
C). rAB D). rBC

If r = {1 i + 2 j} m and
F = {10 i + 20 j + 30 k} N,
then the moment of F about
the y-axis is ____ N·m.
A). 10 B). -30
C). -40 D). None of the above.
 HW: ASSIGNMENT 2.2
Q9 Q10

Determine the moment of the force Determine the magnitude of the

F about an axis extending between moment produced by the force of F
A and C. Express the result as a = 200 N about the hinged axis of
Cartesian vector. the door.
 MOMENT OF A COUPLE

Student should be able to:

1. Define a couple;
2. Determine the moment
of a couple.
 READING QUIZ

1. In statics, a couple is defined 2. The moment of a couple is

as __________ separated by called a _________ vector.
a perpendicular distance.
A. two forces in the same
direction; A. Free
B. two forces of equal B. Spinning
magnitude;
C. Fixed
C. two forces of equal
magnitude acting in the D. Sliding
same direction
D. two forces of equal
magnitude acting in
opposite directions
 READING QUIZ

1. In statics, a couple is defined 2. The moment of a couple is

as __________ separated by called a _________ vector.
a perpendicular distance.
A. two forces in the same
direction; A. Free
B. two forces of equal B. Spinning
magnitude;
C. Fixed
C. two forces of equal
magnitude acting in the D. Sliding
same direction
D. two forces of equal
magnitude acting in
opposite directions
 APPLICATION

A torque or moment of 12 N·m is required to rotate the wheel.

Why does one of the two grips of the wheel above require less
force to rotate the wheel?
 APPLICATION

When you grip a vehicle’s steering wheel with both hands and
turn, a couple moment is applied to the wheel. Would older
vehicles without power steering need larger or smaller steering
wheels?
 MOMENT OF A COUPLE
What is COUPLE?
A couple is a pair of forces that
have the same magnitude, but
opposite in directions, and
separated by a perpendicular
distance.
The resultant of the forces is zero.
Hence, the effect of a couple is to
produce a rotation or tendency of
rotation in a specified direction.
That rotation due to a couple is
called a couple MOMENT.
Can be determined using scalar or
vector formulation.
Scalar: M = Fd
Vector: M = r x F
A couple of moment is a free
vector because it can act at any
point, not require a definite point.
The direction of a couple moment
can be determined by right-hand
rule.
EXAMPLE 4

GIVEN:
Two couples act on the beam with
the geometry shown.

FIND:
The magnitude of F so that the
resultant couple moment is 1.5
kN.m clockwise.

PLAN:
1. Add the two couples to find
the resultant couple.
2. Equate the net moment to 1.5
kN.m clockwise to find F.
EXAMPLE 4

Determine the net couple

A moment:
−0.9𝐹 + 0.3 2 = −1.5 kNm

Determine F:
B F = 2.33 kN
EXAMPLE 5

GIVEN:
450 N force couple acting on the
pipe assembly.

FIND:
The couple moment in Cartesian
vector notation.

PLAN:
1. Use M = r x F to find the
couple moment.
2. Calculate the cross product
to find M.
EXAMPLE 5

Determine rAB:
A 𝐫AB = 0.4 𝐢

Determine FB:
B 4 3
𝐅B = 0𝐢 + 450 𝐣 − 450 𝐤
5 5
𝐅B = 0𝐢 + 360𝐣 − 270𝐤
C Find couple moment:
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝐌 = 0.4 0 0
0 360 −270

𝐌 = 0𝐢 + 108𝐣 + 144𝐤 N. m
 CONCEPT QUIZ
F1 and F2 form a couple. The moment of the couple is given by _______ .
A). r1 x F1 B). r2 x F1
C). F2 x r1 D). r2 x F2

If three couples act on a body, the overall result is that________.

A. The net force is not equal to 0.
B. The net force and net moment are equal to 0.
C. The net moment equals 0 but the net force is not necessarily equal to
0.
D. The net force equals 0 but the net moment is not necessarily equal to
0.
 CONCEPT QUIZ
F1 and F2 form a couple. The moment of the couple is given by _______ .
A). r1 x F1 B). r2 x F1
C). F2 x r1 D). r2 x F2

If three couples act on a body, the overall result is that________.

A. The net force is not equal to 0.
B. The net force and net moment are equal to 0.
C. The net moment equals 0 but the net force is not necessarily equal to
0.
D. The net force equals 0 but the net moment is not necessarily
equal to 0 .
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING 4

GIVEN:
Two couples act on the beam with
the geometry shown.

FIND:
The resultant couple moment.

WHAT IS YOUR PLAN?

1. Resolve the forces in x and y-

directions so they can be
treated as couples.
2. Add the two couples to find
the resultant couple moment.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING 4

Resolve the forces into x- and y-

A components:
For 30 kN (left):
x − comp. : −30 ∗ 3ൗ5 = −18kN
y − comp. : 30 ∗ 4ൗ5 = 24kN

For 30 kN (right):
x − comp. : 30 ∗ 3ൗ5 = 18kN
y − comp. : −30 ∗ 4ൗ5 = −24kN

Only y-component 24 kN will be

considered.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING 4

Resolve the forces into x- and y-

B components:
For 15 kN (left):
x − comp. : −15 cos 30° = −13 kN
y − comp. : 15 sin 30° = 7.5 kN

For 15 kN (right):
x − comp. : 15 cos 30° = 13 kN
y − comp. : −15 sin 30° = 7.5 kN

Only x-component 13 kN will be

considered.

Determine resultant couple

C moment:
−24 ∗ 2 − 13 ∗ 2 = −𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐍
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING 5

GIVEN:
F = {15 k} N and – F = {– 15 k} N

FIND:
The couple moment acting on the
pipe assembly using Cartesian
vector notation.

WHAT IS YOUR PLAN?

1. Use M = r x F to find the couple moment.

2. Set r = rAB and F = (15 k) N.
3. Calculate the cross product to find M.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING 5

Determine rAB:
A B = 0.3, 0.8, 0 m
A = 0.2, 0.3, 0 m
----------------------------------
𝒓AB = 0.1 𝐢 + 0.5 𝐣 + 0 𝐤 m

Determine F:
B 𝐅 = 0 𝐢 + 0 𝐣 + 15 𝐤 N

C Find couple moment:

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝐌 = 0.1 0.5 0
0 0 15

𝐌 = 7.5 𝐢 – 1.5 𝐣 + 0 𝐤 N. m
 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. A couple is applied to the beam as shown. Its moment equals _____
N·m.
A). 50 B). 60
C). 80 D). 100

2. You can determine the couple moment

as M = r X F. If F = (-20 k) lb, then r is ____.
A). rBC
B). rAB
C). rCB
D). rBA
 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. A couple is applied to the beam as shown. Its moment equals _____
N·m.
A). 50 B). 60
C). 80 D). 100

2. You can determine the couple moment

as M = r X F. If F = (-20 k) lb, then r is ____.
A). rBC
B). rAB
C). rCB
D). rBA
 HW: ASSIGNMENT 2.2
Q11 Q12

If 𝜃 = 30°, determine the If F = 200 N, determine the

magnitude of force F so that the required angle, θ so that the
resultant couple moment is 100 Nm, resultant couple moment is zero.
clockwise.
Thank You