BHARATH INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BHARATH INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND

RESEARCH
CHENNAI - 600 073

EXHAUST EMISSION ANALYSIS IN POWER PLANT GAS

TURBINE AND IMPLICATION OF SUITABLE CONTROL
METHODS.
Submitted By Guided By
D. Venkatanarayana Mr.T.P.Meikandaan
(P16ER904) Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Bharath Institute of Science and Technology
 INTRODUCTION

GENERAL

 The Gas Turbine Power Plants are using fossil fuels like Natural
Gas, Naphtha, High speed Diesel, kerosene (paraffin) and also Crude
& other heavy oils are one of the sources of exhaust emissions in our
country.

 The emissions like Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon Monoxide,

Unburned Hydrocarbons, Sulphur Oxides, Particulates, Smoke from
Gas turbine are the exhaust emissions.
 AIM

 Worldwide interest in Gas Turbine emissions & its regulations

have resulted in numerous requests for information on gas turbine
exhaust emission estimates and the implication of various exhaust
emission control methods in Power Plant Gas Turbines.

 This project provides nominal estimates of existing Gas Turbine

exhaust emissions as well as emissions estimates for numerous gas
turbine modifications.

 Datas regarding pollutant contents in exhaust emissions and

ambient air quality readings will be collected and analyzed from one
of the Gas Turbine Power Plant.
 IMPORTANCE

 Now days gas turbine power plants are installed near the cities
or almost inside cities, where heavy population lives, to meet the
power demand during peak hours for uninterrupted power supply
to the most essential points like hospitals, air ports, railway
stations, Bus stands etc.,.

 And also these power plants treated as critical power plants

based on the self start and immediate resume of power supply.

 Since they were operated in densely populated areas the

pollution norms becomes very stringent. So it is very important
to analysis the exhaust emissions and implicate the suitable
control methods from both environmental and public health
points of view.
 POWER PLANT GAS TURBINE

 Gas turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in

a combustion chamber and using the fast flowing combustion
gases to drive a turbine in much the same way as the high-
pressure steam drives a steam turbine.

 A simple gas turbine is comprised of three main sections: a

compressor, a combustor, and a power turbine. The gas turbine
operates on the principle, where compressed air is mixed with
fuel and burned under constant pressure conditions. The
resulting hot gas is allowed to expand through a turbine to
perform work.
 Working principle of power plant gas turbine

 As the principle of the gas turbine, a working gas (air) is

compressed by a compressor and heated by combustion energy of
the fuel at the first. The working gas becomes the high temperature
and high pressure. The engine converts the energy of working gas
into the rotating energy of the blades, making use of the interaction
between the gas and the blades.

 They can be adapted to use almost any flammable gas or light

distillate petroleum products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel, and
kerosene (paraffin) which happen to be available locally, though
natural gas is the most commonly used fuel. Crude and other heavy
oils can also be used to fuel gas turbines if they are first heated to
reduce their viscosity to a level suitable for burning in the turbine
combustion chambers. Gas turbines can be used for large-scale
power generation.
A typical model of simple cycle gas turbine power plant
A typical model of combined cycle gas turbine power plant
 EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBUSTION
SYSTEM
Typical exhaust emissions from a power plant gas turbine are two
distinct categories.

 The major species (CO2, N2, H2O, and O2) are present in
percent concentrations.

 The minor species (or pollutants) such as CO, UHC, NOx, SOx,
and particulates are present in parts per million concentrations.

 In general, given the fuel composition and machine operating

conditions, the major species compositions can be calculated. The
minor species, with the exception of total sulfur oxides, cannot.
Characterization of the pollutants requires careful measurement and
semi-theoretical analysis.
 EMISSION REDUCTION TECHNIQUES

Emissions Reduction Techniques

NOx Lean Head End Liner /
Water or Steam Injection /
Dry Low NOx

CO Combustor Design /
Catalytic Reduction
UHC & VOC Combustor Design

SOx Control Sulfur in Fuel

Particulates & PM-10 Fuel Composition

Smoke Reduction Combustor Design

- Fuel Composition
- Air Atomization

Particulate Reduction Fuel Composition

- Sulfur
- Ash
 OBJECTIVE

• The primary objective of this project is to study and analysis the

emissions from exhausts of power plant gas turbine and implication
of suitable control methods that reduces the emissions.

• The objective will be met by collection and analyzing the

emissions such as NOx, SOx, CO, UHC, PM and etc., and ambient
air quality readings from the gas turbine power plant.

• By doing various literature surveys and adopting suitable

methods for finding out emission reduction techniques and
implicating the methods for reducing the emissions in the exhausts
of power plant gas turbines.
 SCOPE

• To select the Existing Gas Turbine and collection of data on

pollutants which are exhausted through stack and ambient air
quality readings around the plant.

•Find out the existing limits and norms of various pollutants from
gas turbines.

•Discuss and analysis pollution data which are exceeding the

limits or norms.

•To find out the suitable control methods for implication to bring
down the emissions within limits set in the norms.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Andreini A, et al. 2014, in their paper present work CFD

analysis of NOx emissions of a natural gas lean premixed burner
for heavy duty gas turbine was carried out. The calibrated
numerical setup was employed to explore possible modifications
to fuel injection criteria and fuel split, with the aim of minimizing
exhaust NOx emissions.
 Adzuieen Nordin, et al. 2013, this paper Analysis the carbon
dioxide emission of Gas turbine cogeneration plant. The exhaust
heat from the gas turbine is used to generate steam or chilled
water. This process assists in reducing the emission of CO2 to
the environment. The results indicate that the cogeneration
system reduces the CO2 emission to the environment by 60%.
This finding could encourage the power plant owners to install
heat recovery systems to their respective plants.
 Stefan Fischer, et al. 2015, in their study, the Influence of Fuel
Mixing and Flue Gas Recirculation on the Emissions of a Fuel
Flexible Gas Turbine Combustor was done. The main benefit of
operating a combustor under flue gas recirculation conditions is to
reduce NOX emissions while keeping the thermal load of the gas
turbine constant.

 Yasamin Khazraii, et al. their study is concerned with

numerical simulating of NOx emission in turbulent liquid fuel spray
flames using thermal and fuel models. The influence of fuel spray
angle and inlet air temperature on the emission of nitric oxide is
investigated. Numerical simulation of two phase flow and
combustion modeling for pollutants formation are done with Fluent
6.32 software. The results show that by decreasing in spray angle
NOxemission decreases.
 Martin Lauer, et al. 2017, in this paper a semi-empirical
method is presented to predict the NOX emission of a pilot
stabilized, technically premixed gas turbine combustor. A model
based correction function is used to account for the change of
NOX emission, which results from combustor inlet condition.

 Stephan Lellek, et al. 2017, in their work NOx-Formation and

CO-Burnout in Water Injected, Premixed Natural Gas Flames at
Typical Gas Turbine Combustor Residence Times was done. Water
injection in gas turbine combustors allows for the simultaneous
control of NOx emissions as well as the increase of the power
output of the engine. This paper focuses on the effects of water
injection on pollutant formation in premixed gas turbine flames.
Finally, a strong influence of water droplet size on NOx and CO
formation is shown for constant operating conditions.
 LITERATURE REVIEW - Summary.

 By going through the above various literature surveys, it is found

that for reducing or controlling of NOx and other emissions, there
has been lot of studies and experiments were done successfully.

 The Nox were analysed through various methods such as CFD

(Computational Fluid Dynamics), Analytical methods, Numerical
modeling, semi-empirical NOx formulation, develop various
catalysts for NOx removal from exhaust by NO decomposition etc.,.

 And also modifications and designs such as Modification of

Burners, a variety of gas turbine combustor designs, combustor
modifications, axial swirler design, multi-tube injector, droplet
interactions, flue gas recirculation conditions, fuel spray angle and
inlet air temperature are carried out experimentally and implemented
successfully.
METHODOLOGY – FLOW CHART

LITERATURE REVIEW

EMISSIONS VALUES - DATA COLLECTION

(BY COLLECTION OF SAMPLE AND TESTING )

ANALYSE THE VALUES

STUDY OF APPROPRIATE SUITABLE METHODS

SELECTION OF METHODS

EVALUATION OF POLLUTIONS
 WORK SCHEDULE
Aug’1 Sep’1 Oct’1 Nov’1 Dec’1 Jan’1 Feb’1 Mar’1
Sl. 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9
ACTIVITIES
No PHASE - II
PHASE - I
1 Introduction

Collection of Literature
2
reviews

3 Find out the emission values

4 Analysis the values

Find out appropriate suitable

5
methods

6 Implication of methods

7 Evaluation of pollutions

8 Conclusion
SAVE NATURE

Thank You

D. Venkatanarayana