Beruflich Dokumente
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Ms.X.Raichel nivetha(B.Te
1) Cyanide leaching:
• Leached with aerated solution of NaCN
4Au (s) + 8CN- (aq) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
↓
Reduction or cementation
4[Au(CN)2]- (aq) + 4OH-(aq)
↓
[Zn(CN)4]2-(aq) + 2Au (s)
2) Acid leaching:
• Leaching of sulphide ores like ZnS,PbS by treating with hot H2SO4.
Reduction by hydrogen:
• applied to the oxides of the metals (Fe, Pb, Cu) having less
electro-positive character than hydrogen.
d
Auto reduction:
• Simple roaasting
• Reducing agent not needed in all cases
Thermodynamic
• principle of metallurgy
• the extraction of metals from their oxides can be carried
out by using different reducing agents.
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Ellingham diagram
• ΔG⁰ value calculations at different temperatures
used By Harold Elingham
• Treated reduction as an equillibrium process
• Temperature - x axis
ΔG – y axis
ΔS – slope
ΔH – y-intercept
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Limitations of Ellingham diagram
• Tells about the thermodynamic feasibility of a
reaction, but not about the rate of the
reaction or possibility of other reactions that
takes place.
• The interpretation of ΔG(reactants are @
equlillibrium) is based on the assumption and
is not always true.
Electrochemical principle of
metallurgy
• The reduction of oxides of active metals such as sodium,
potassium etc are extracted from their ores by using
electrochemical methods.
• metal salts are taken in a fused form or in solution form
• metal ion reduced by treating with suitable reducing agent
or by electrolysis.
• Gibbs free energy change for the electrolysis
ΔG° = -nFE° (Where n=number of electrons involved in the
reduction process, F=Faraday and E0= electrode potential
of the redox couple)
• Spontaneous reaction, E0= +ve & ΔG=-ve. Therefore, emf of
net reaction always +ve
Electrochemial extraction of
aluminium - Hall-Herold process:
• Iron tank linked with carbon as cathode
• Carbon blocks imersed in electrolyte as anode
• 20% alumina solution+ cryolyte- sent for
electrolysis
• 10%CaCl2 to lower melting point of mixture
• Temperature maintained at 1270K
• Anodes- slowly consumed duting electrolysis
• Pure aluminium settles at bottom
• Net reaction:
Refining
Distillation
• For low boiling volatile metals(Zn and Hg)
• Impure metal- heated to evaporate, vapor condenses
to give pure metal
Liquation
• For removing impurities with high melting points from
low melting point metals( tin, lead, mercury and
bismuth)
• crude metal heated and allowed to flow on a sloping
surface in absence of air
• molten pure metal flows down and the impurities are
left behind
• Molten metal- collected and solidified
Electrolytic refining
• Cathode : Pure silver
• Anode : Impure silver rods
• Electrolyte : Acidified aqueous solution of silver nitrate.
• When a current is passed through the electrodes the
following reactions will take place
Zone refining
• Based on fractional crystallisation
• Impurities in molten state, metal solidifies
• Impure metal rod heated using mobile induction
heater
• For germanium (Ge), silicon (Si) and galium (Ga) that
are used as semiconductor
Vapour phase method – Zr
• Mond process
The impure nickel- heated in carbon monoxide
at 350 K.
The nickel reacts with the CO to form a highly
volatile nickel tetracarbonyl. The solid
impurities are left behind.
nickel tetracarbonyl at 460 K, decomposes to
give pure metal.
• Van-Arkel method for refining
zirconium/titanium:
based on the thermal decomposition of metal
compounds which forms pure metals(Ti and Zr)
Impure titanium heated in vessel with iodinr at
550K to form volatile titanium tetra iodide
volatile titanium tetra iodide passed over
tungsten at 1800K decomposes and pure
titanium is obtained
Applications of Zn