Aluminum alloys-Introduction

• Rare and expensive a century ago, aluminium

has since been identified as the most common
metal on earth, forming about eight percent
of the earth's crust.
It is the third most plentiful element known to
man. Only oxygen and silicon (sand) exist in
greater quantities.
• Atomic no -13
• White silver color.
The Aluminum Association Alloy
and Temper Designation System.
Temper designation system-
Aluminum alloys
Aluminum alloys
 Boat Hulls
Aluminium boat hulls
offer corrosion
resistance and light
weight.
XJ6 Aluminium Body
XJ6 Aluminium Chassis
Aluminium Bumper Beams
Aluminium Engine Blocks (Lupo)
Audi A2 engine block
Aluminium Bottles
Forged Aluminium Wheels
Al heat transfer components
Aluminium Roofing
 Ti & its alloys
1. Corrosion-resistant
2. High strength from low temperature up to
650oC
3. Low density: 4.5g cm-3
[Al: 2.69 g cm-3; Cu: 8.96g cm-3; Fe: 7.88g cm-3]
4. Strength is relatively low when pure
5. A lot stronger when alloyed
 Two Crystalline forms of pure Ti
1. Alpha : (room temperature to 883oC)
- Hexagonal close packed (HCP)
- Usually strong and brittle
- Not easy to form into various shape

2. Beta : (>883oC)
- Body Centered Cubic (BCC, the same as steel at room temperature)
- Less strong but not so brittle
- Slightly easier to form into different shapes

However, the properties of commercially pure titanium (99-99.5%) are largely

determined by the oxygen content.

Hence, improper hot working such as forging may affect the properties.
 Four groups of Ti alloy
1. Alpha titanium alloys:
Commercially pure, Ti-Pd
2. Near-alpha titanium alloys:
Ti-11Sn-5Zr-2.25Al-1Mo-0.2Si,
Ti-6Al-5Zr-0.5Mo-0.25Si,
Ti-5.5Al-3.5Sn-3Zr-1Nb-0.25Mo-0.3Si
3. Alpha-beta titanium alloys:
Ti-6Al-4V,
Ti-4Al-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si,
Ti-4Al-4Mo-4Sn-0.5Si
4. Beta titanium alloys:
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
Purposes of Alloying
 Ti alloy
• Alpha stabilizers: C, O, N and Al

• Beta Stabilizers: Cr, Fe, Pd, Co, Mn, H, V, Mo, Ta, Nb

• Alpha alloys: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-4al-1Mo

• Beta alloys: Beta 21S (13%Mo),

• Alpha + Beta alloys: Ti-6Al-4V,

• ELI: extra low level Interstitials
 Alpha titanium alloys
• Strong
• High strength at high temperatures (<883oC)
• Good weldability
• Difficult to work
• Non-heat treatable
• Tensile strength: 330-860 MPa
• Fracture toughness: >70MPa m-1/2
 Alpha-beta titanium alloys
• Appreciable amount of beta phase at room
temperature
• Can be solution treated, quenched and aged
to give higher strength
• Tensile strength: 990-1330 MPa
• Fracture toughness: 30-60MPa m-1/2
 Near-alpha titanium alloys
• Almost all alpha phase
• Small amount of beta phase disperse
throughout the alpha
• Improved creep resistance at temperatures at
450-500oC
• Tensile strength: 855-1040 MPa
• Fracture toughness: 50-70 MPa m-1/2
 Beta titanium alloys
• Entirely beta phase at room temperature after quenching (fast
cooling), or sometimes even upon air cooling
• Ready for cold working (forming)
• Can be solution treated, quenched and aged to give higher
strength
• In high strength condition the alloys have low ductility
• Poor fatigue performance
• Tensile strength: 1220-1450 MPa
• Fracture toughness: >50 MPa m-1/2
Titanium heat-
exchangers
Mg alloys for automotive
Magnesium Wheel
 Copper
• Moderate strength in the pure state
• Malleable and ductile
• Very good electrical and thermal conductor
• Good corrosion resistance
• Alloys with Zinc to give brass
• Alloys with Tin and others to make bronze
Copper Roofing