One Sunday morning, Sammy was found dead in his

room. The suspects are the butler, the driver, the wife,
the maid, and the gardener. These are their alibi:

Driver: I was cleaning the car.

Wife: I was taking a bath.
Maid: I sent the letters in the post office.
Butler: I was sleeping in my quarters.
Gardener: I was cleaning in the garden.

Who killed Sammy?

A black cat was sleeping in the middle of the
road with no streetlights. A car with his
headlights off was running 120 kph in the
same road but still, he managed to stop and
saved the cat. How so?

It’s morning.
How will you put a
giraffe inside the
refrigerator?
How will you put an
elephant inside the
refrigerator?
Noah called all the animals to
join with him in the ark. But
one animal was missing.
Who was it?
A traveler was going in a journey
to a forest. Suddenly, he came
to a swamp. He knew that there
are crocodiles dwelling in this
swamp. How will he cross the
river?
 Constructivism:
Knowledge Construction/Concept
Learning
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTIVISM

▪ It is a theory on how humans generate knowledge

and meaning from an interaction between their
experiences and their ideas.
▪ Based on observation and scientific study about
how people learn
▪ It says that people construct their own
understanding and knowledge of the world,
through experiencing things and reflecting on those
experiences
 Constructivism

Views of Characteristics of Organizing

Constructivism Constructivism Knowledge
Individual
Constructivism
Social
Constructivism
 Two Views of Constructivism

Individual Constructivism – this is called cognitive

constructivism. It emphasizes individual, internal
construction of knowledge

Social Constructivism – this view emphasizes that

knowledge exists in a social context and is initially
shared with others instead of being represented solely
in the mind of an individual
 Characteristics of Constructivism

1. Learners construct understanding

- Learners as active thinkers who interpret new
information based on what they already know.
2. New learning depends on current understanding
-Background information is important
3. Learning is facilitated by social interaction
-Learning communities help learners take
responsibility for their own learning
 Characteristics of Constructivism

4. Meaningful learning occurs within authentic learning tasks

- Involves a learning activity that entails constructing
knowledge that is akin to the knowledge needed when
applied in the real world
 Organizing Knowledge

Concept – A concept is a way of grouping or

categorizing objects or events in our mind. It
includes a group of tasks such as model, discuss,
illustrate, explain, assist, etc.
 Organizing Knowledge

Concept as Feature Lists – learning a concept involves

learning specific features that characterize positive instance
of the concept.
Defining Feature – characteristic present in ALL
instances
Correlation Feature – preset in many positive instances
but bot essential for concept membership
 Organizing Knowledge

Concept as Prototypes – prototype is an idea or

visual image of a “typica example. It is usually
formed based on the positive instances that
learners encounter most often
 Organizing Knowledge

Concepts as Exemplars – Exemplars represent a

variety of examples. It allows learners to know
that an example under a concept may have
variability.
 Making Concept-learning Effective

 Provide clear definitions of the concept

 Make the defining features very concrete and prominent
 Give a variety of positive instances
 Cite a “best example” or a prototype
 Provide opportunity for learners to identify positive and
negative instances
 Ask learners to think of their own example of the concept
 Point out how concepts can be related to each other
 Schemas and Scripts
 A schema is an organized body of knowledge about
something. It is like a file of information you hold in
your mind about something.
 A script is a schema that includes a series of
predictable events about a specific activity.

The role of the teacher is to bring learners to construct their

own knowledge such that they have a well-organized set of
concepts.
 Applying Constructivism in
Facilitating Learning
 Aim to make learners understand a few key ideas in
an in-depth manner, rather than taking up so many
topics specifically.
 Give varied examples.
 Provide opportunities for experimentation
 Provide lots of opportunities for quality
interaction.
 Applying Constructivism in
Facilitating Learning

 Have lots of hands-on activities

 Relate your topic to real life situations
 Do not depend on the explanation method all
the time
THANK YOU!!!
ANGELIKA AIRA B. OBEDOZA
REYNHEART JOY I. REDONDO