Presented By : M Ahmad Noor

15-arid-5026
M Ahsan Jamil
15-arid-5029
 Environment

 Environment is everything that is around us. It can
be living or non-living things.
 It includes physical, chemical and other natural
forces.
 In the environment there are different interactions
between animals, plants, Insects soil, water, and
other living and non-living things
 Classifications of Environmental Factors


Two Factors
 Biotic Factor (Living Components)
Comprise of live organisms belonging to any kingdom
such as Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Monera and Protoctista.
 Abiotic Factors (Non-Living Components)
comprises of the topographic, soil (edaphic) and
climatic factors; include light, temperature, water or
rainfall, relative humidity, air, gravity and wind.
 Biotic Factors

The effects of biotic factors on plant expression may be
advantageous or disadvantageous, depending on how they
interact with the plant. These interactions include:

 Mutualism
 Herbivory
 Parasitism
 Allelopathy
 Biotic Factors

 Mutualism is a species-to-species interaction in
which both the biotic factor and the plant are
benefited by the relationship.
 Forest and fruit trees and other plants including
annual crops associate with micorrhizal fungi which
aid in the absorption of water and nutrients, such as
phosphorus and zinc from the soil.
Mutualism
Birds, insects and bats serve as vectors
of pollination
 Herbivory
Plant-eating organisms called herbivore.
i.e. ruminant animals, rodents, insects, and molluscs
feed on plant parts.
Parasites

An interaction between two organisms in which one organism, called , is

benefited but causes harm to another, called host.
steals its food from the host.
microorganisms injure crops by causing diseases

Examples of parasitic plants are the dodder, mistletoe, Rafflesia, and some
orchids.
Allelopathy
Allelopathy is a phenomenon by which an organism
produces biochemical that effect the germination, growth,
survival, and reproduction of other organisms.

Allelochemicals have beneficial (positive

allelopathy) or detrimental (negative
allelopathy).
 Abiotic Factors

The abiotic factors that affect plant growth and crop yield
which are
 Topography
 Soil
 Climatic factors
• Rainfall and water
• Light
• Temperature
• Relative humidity
• Air
• Wind
 (1) Topography

“lay of the land”
includes the physical features of the earth such as the land
elevation and slope.

This abiotic factor is an important consideration in crop

or site selection for more productive crop farming. e.g.
Coconut prefers an elevation not exceeding 600 meters
above sea level.
(2) Soil


 Soil is the outermost layer of the surface of the earth in which plants
grow.
 It is composed of eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying plant and
animal matter, water and air.
 This abiotic factor is likewise important in crop farming and is treated
under the heading Soil and Climatic Adaptation or Requirement of
crops.
 The physical and chemical properties of the soil are referred to
as edaphic factors of the plant environment.
 The physical properties include the soil texture, soil structure, and
bulk density which affect the capacity of the soil to retain and supply
water.
 Chemical properties consist of the soil pH and cation exchange
capacity (CEC) which determine its capacity to supply nutrient.
Climatic Factors
Rainfall

Rainfall is the most common form of precipitation.

The amount and regularity of rainfall vary with location and

climate types and affect the dominance of certain types of
vegetation as well as crop growth and yield.
Light

Light is essential in the production of chlorophyll and
in photosynthesis,
Other plant processes that are enhanced or inhibited by this light
include
 Stomatal movement
 phototropism
 photomorphogenesis
 translocation
 mineral absorption
 Abscission
 Temperature


The degree of hotness or coldness of a substance is
called temperature .
This climatic factor influences all plant growth processes
such as
 Photosynthesis
 Respiration
 Transpiration
 seed germination
 protein synthesis
 translocation.
 Air

 Mixture of gases in the atmosphere.

 The oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air are of particular

importance to the physiology of plants.

 Oxygen is essential in respiration for the production of energy that

is utilized in various growth and development processes.

 Carbon dioxide is a raw material in photosynthesis.

Wind as Climatic Factor

 Air movement or wind is due to the existence of pressure
gradient on a global or local scale caused by differences in
heating.
 Serves as a vector of pollen from one flower to another
thus aiding in the process of pollination.
 Essential in the development of fruit and seed from wind-
pollinated flowers as in many grasses.
 Moderate winds favor gas exchanges, but strong winds
can cause excessive water loss through transpiration as
well as lodging or toppling of plant
 Conclusion

 Crops are dependent on light temperature, moisture
and carbon dioxide concentration to produce the
grains and other crop products that are so essential
to our nutrition and health.
 Crops are highly sensitive to climate, a slight change
in any environmental factors effect the crop very
much.
 Climate change is the most several problem that
world is facing today environmental factor such as
water, temperature, fire, light, Nutrients are effect on
crop productivity