BASIC CONCEPT

OF GEOGRAPHY
 What is
Geography
?
Geography is…

the systematic study of all spatial

patterns of all phenomena on or near
Earth’s surface.
Geography is…

Interaction between people and

environment.
 A . THEMES
OF
GEOGRAPHY
THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

The study of geography includes

specific topic such as landforms,
climates, population and culture.
Geography also entails a number of
unifying interrelated concepts. Among
the most important concepts are the
five themes of geography.
• As the historians organize time the
geographers organize space in much. To
help organize space, geographers are
concerned with asking three important
questions about things in world.
 Where is it?
 Why is there?
What are the consequences of its being
there?
 THE FI VE
THEM ES OF
G EO G RAPHY
• No one theme can be
1. Location
understood with the
2.Place 3.Human-
others. The themes are
connected with one Environmental
another, as are all interaction
components of our 4. Movement
world. No part of our 5. Region
world can be understood
in isolation
1. LOCATION

• Where something can be found on the

Earth.
• Geographers want to know where things
are located, both by themselves and in
relation to other things
• Location has also 2 types the ABSOLUTE
& RELATIVE Location
A. ABSOLUTE LOCATION

• Shows the exact point on the Earth’s

surface where something is located.
• It is identified as a grid coordinate as the
surface of the Earth.

A. Address
B. Longitude/ Latitude
B. RELATIVE LOCATION

• Explains where something is in relation

to another.
A. Cardinal direction (North, South, East
& West)
B. Next to, Down from
2. PLACE

• This theme considers the

characteristics that make one place
different from all places on Earth.
• It describes what a location looks like.
• Place is describe according to
PHYSICAL & HUMAN Characteristic.
A. PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTIC
• Include anything that is native made
from geological, hydrological,
atmospheric and biological process.
A. Landforms
B. Bodies of water
C. Trees, shrubs
D. Rocks
B. HUMAN CHARACTERISTIC
• Include anything that is human made.
• It comes from human ideas and actions
1. Building, roads, cars
2. Human culture, language, customs
3. HUMAN/ENVIRONMENTAL
INTERACTION
• How people interact with the
environment.
• People interact in three ways: MODIFY,
ADAPT & DEPEND.
MODIFY

• Means that human change the

environment.
• Humans modify the natural environment
to meet their needs
1. Build house
2. Dam, cut trees
ADAPT

• Means humans change their life to live/

survive in the environment.
1. Air-conditioning, heat
2. Sunglasses
DEPEND

• Human rely on the environment for their

basic needs
1. fishing, crops
2. oxygen
4. MOVEMENT
• How people, goods and ideas move
between places.
• Movement has 3 spatial interaction:
Movements of GOODS, PEOPLE &
IDEAS.
• Movement of Goods
1. truck, ship
2. plane, train
• Movement of People
1. bus, car
2. walking, bike
• Movement of Ideas
1. internet, e-mail
2. phone, letters
5. REGION
• The basic unit of geographic study.
• It is defined as an area that has unifying
characteristics (two or more places)
• There are 2 types of region: PHYSICAL
& POLITICAL Regions
• Physical Region
1. Desserts
2. Mountains
3. Lakes
4. Rivers
• Political Region
1. States
2. Countries
B. BRANCHES
OF
GEOGRAPHY
 Branches of
Geography

Human Geography Physical Geography

Economic Population Medical Geomorphology

Geography Geography Geography
Hydrology, etc.
Geography is divided
into two main
branches: HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY and
PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY.
A. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
• This is a main branch in geography
and it mainly covers studies of the
human race. This normally involves
their backgrounds, how they
interact and the perceptions that
they have for various ideologies
affecting them.
A. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
• Geographers under this branch
normally study the manner in which
products are usually produced and
consequently distributed in their
respective niche markets. In addition to
this, they also study the way in which
wealth is distributed in various regions
over the planet.
B. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY
• In most cases, scholars usually equate
population geography to demography
even though this is usually not the case.
This is mainly owing to the reason that
population geography is deeper than
the study of the patterns of a group of
people with regards to birth, marriage &
death as is the case with demography.
Density Map Choropleth Map

Dot Map Isoline Map

C. MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY
• In this branch, geographers normally
study the patterns in which particular
diseases spread. This means that
pandemics & epidemics are usually
studied here as well as common
illnesses, general health care and death
as well.
B. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
• is the branch of natural science which
deals with the study of processes and
patterns in the natural environment.
• is one of the two primary branches of
geography. Listed here are sub-
branches or sub-fields of physical
geography. These sub-fields of
physical geography study processes
and patterns in the natural environment.
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY
• Geomorphology- is the field concerned with
understanding the surface of the Earth and the
processes by which it is shaped, both at the present
as well as in the past.

DESER
T
• Hydrology- is predominantly concerned with
the amounts and quality of water moving and
accumulating on the land surface and in the
soils and rocks near the surface and is
typified by the hydrological cycle.

OCEAN
• Glaciology- is the study of glacier and ice
sheets, or more commonly
the cryospehere or ice and phenomena that
involve ice.

GLACIER
S
• Climatology- is the study of
the climate, scientifically defined as
weather conditions averaged over a
long period of tim e.

CLIMATE
CHANGE
• Meteorology- is the interdisciplinary
scientific study of the atmosphere that
focuses on weather processes and
short term forecasting.

STORM
• Pedology- is the study of soils in
their natural environment.

SOIL
C. COMMON
METHOD OF
GEOGRAPHY
 Common Method of
Geography

1. Quantitative 2. Qualitative
Method Method

Data Presentation, Case Study

Analysis
Collection etc.
Conclusion, etc.
1. QUANTITATIVE METHOD
• can be used to verify which of such
hypotheses are true
• Geographers use quantitative
approaches to describe, understand,
and assess geographic phenomena
DATA COLLECTION
• is the process of gathering and
measuring information on targeted
variables in an established systematic
fashion, which then enables one to
answer relevant questions and evaluate
outcomes.
ANALYSIS
• a detailed examination of anything
complex in order to understand its
nature or to determine its essential
features
PRESENTATION
• Symbol or image that represents
something.
• Something offered or given
VISUALIZATION
• the act or process of interpreting in
visual terms or of putting into visible
form.
MAPPING
• is the creation of maps, a graphic
symbolic representation of the
significant features of a part of the
surface of the Earth.
CARTOGRAPHY
• the science or practice of drawing maps
STATISTICS
• the practice or science of collecting and
analyzing numerical data in large
quantities geographic information
system.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (OR GIS)
• is a system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage, and
present spatial or geographic data.
2. QUALITATIVE METHOD
• produce information only on the particular
cases studied, and any more general
conclusions are only hypotheses.
• Qualitative research is often used to gain a
general sense of phenomena and to form
theories that can be tested using further
quantitative research.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE
AND QUALITATIVE METHOD
Qualitative Methods
Methods include focus groups,
in-depth interviews, and
reviews of documents for types
of themes
Primarily inductive process
used to formulate theory or
hypotheses
More subjective: describes a
problem or condition from the
point of view of those
experiencing it
Quantitative Methods
Surveys, structured interviews &
observations, and reviews of
records or documents for numeric
information
Primarily deductive process used
to test pre-specified concepts,
constructs, and hypotheses that
make up a theory
More objective: provides
observed effects (interpreted by
researchers) of a program on a
problem or condition
Text-based
More in-depth information on a few Less in-depth but more breadth of
cases
Unstructured or semi-structured
response options
No statistical tests
Can be valid and reliable: largely
depends on skill and rigor of the
researcher
Time expenditure lighter on the
planning end and heavier during
the analysis phase
Less generalizable
Number-based
information across a large number of
cases
Fixed response options
Statistical tests are used for analysis
Can be valid and reliable: largely
depends on the measurement device
or instrument used
Time expenditure heavier on the
planning phase and lighter on the
analysis phase
More generalizable
Thank You & God Bless!