Ushul Fiqh

(‫)أصول الفقه‬
 Definition

Term of language
( ‫ االسس‬: ‫ )االصول‬foundation/principle

Fiqh (‫ )الفقه‬is Islamic jurisprudence, a knowledge about applicable shari’a laws

derived from adillah shar’iyyah.

Ushul Fiqh (‫ )أصول الفقه‬is :

a knowledge about the methods used to extract the Syariah Law out of his
detailed dalil (‫ )االدلة الشرعية‬with certain rules.
 Adillah Syar’iah)‫(االدلة الشرعية‬
Quran )‫(القران‬
Definition: the words Of Allah that delivered upon Muhammad
Position: the fundamental dalil (excuse, reason, standard)

Sunnah (‫)السنة‬
Definition: what we can extract from Muhammad of what he says, acts, and taqrir
(verification).

Ijma’)‫(االجماع‬
Definition : the agreement of whole experts of Muhammad’s followers after his
era.

Qiyas )‫(قياس‬
Definition: equation of law that has not been mentioned in dalil with the similar
judgement due to same characteristics/illat (‫)علّة‬.
 METHODS (‫)الطرق‬

Rules of language : Alfaazh )‫(األلفاظ‬

Definition: articulation. Interpreting the type of articulation used in
adillah syar’iyyah.

Rules of enactment : Tasyri’ (‫)التشريع‬

Definition: process of enactment or legislation. Covers what must be
verified before concluding a law (shari’a law).
 ALFAAZH (‫)األلفاظ‬
1. Command (‫ )االمر‬: a form of articulation requesting action.

2. Prohibition (‫ )النهي‬: a form of articulation requesting to abandon an action.

3. General (‫ )العام‬: a form of articulation that covers anything addressed by it.

4. The specific and the specification (‫ )الخاص و التخصيص‬: a form of articulation addressed
specific thing (‫ )الخاص‬and/or extracting something from its general classification (‫)التخصيص‬.

5. Overall (‫ )المجمل‬: a form of articulation that we can’t understand its true meaning except after
explanation.

6. Conditional and unconditional (‫ )المطلق و المقيد‬: a form of articulation that understood as it is

if there is no additional condition added and vice versa.

7. Implicit and Explicit (‫ )المنطوق و المفهوم‬: a form of articulation requested to be understood as it

stated (‫ )المنطوق‬and a form of articulation that covers anything related to what has stated,
positively or negatively.
 TASYRI’ (‫)التشريع‬
1. Maqashid Syari’ah (‫)مقاصد الشريعة‬
2. Jam’/accumulation (‫ )الجمع‬: To accumulate related/relatable
adillah and seek to do all. (i.e. wealth of an orphan, haidh)
3. Naskh/elimination (‫ )النسخ‬: eliminate one dalil with another dalil
comes after. (i.e. change of qiblah)
4. Tarjih/tendency (‫ )الترجيح‬: tendency to do one of the stronger dalil
if it is not possible to accumulate the two or there is no other
dalil eliminate it. (by sanad,matn, etc)
 MAQASHID SHARI’A ‫مقاصد الشريعة‬
When a mujtahid wants to conclude something related to the shari’a law
using the methods in ushul fiqh, the conclusion must cover –at least– one
of the five purposes of shari’a called maqashid shari’a (‫)مقاصد الشريعة‬. The
purposes are :
1. To protect religion (‫)حفظ الدين‬
2. To protect the body and soul (‫)حفظ النفس‬
3. To protect the mind/reason (‫)حفظ العقل‬
4. To protect the (continuation of) next generation (‫)حفظ النسل‬
5. To protect the wealth (‫)حفظ المال‬
 INTERPRETATION OF MASLAHAH (‫)مصلحة‬
Urgent/basic (‫ )ضروريّة‬:
◦ the fundamental needs that human must have for living
Back to the five purpose:
◦ Protecting religion
◦ protecting soul/body
◦ Protecting mind
◦ Protecting descendant
◦ Protecting wealth

Important (‫ )حا ّجية‬:

◦ Everything people need in their lives. Means to prevent
human from harm that can bring the disadvantage.

Improvement/supporting(‫ )تحسينيّة‬:
◦ Everything that improve the noble values of the quality of
human life.
◦ The absence of this need wont harm human.
Examples of ‫االُمور بمقاصدها‬
Jurisprudence Everythings by its purposes
principles
‫اليقين ال يزال بالشك‬
The certainty is not removable by doubt

‫المشقة تجلب التيسير‬

The hardship brings the easiness

‫الضرار يزال‬
Elimination of the harm
‫العادة ُمحكمة‬
The custom court
 Ahkam Syari’a (‫)االحكام الشرعية‬
1. Wajib ) ‫(واجب‬: given reward if it done, sanction if it abandoned. (i.e shalat)

2. Mandub )‫(مندوب‬: given reward if it done, no sanction if it abandoned. (i.e tahiyyatul masjid)

3. Haram )‫ )حرام‬: given reward if it abandoned, sanction if it done. (i.e riba)

4. Makruh (‫ (مكروه‬: given reward if it abandoned and no sanction if it done. (i.e prioritizing left in wudhu)

5. Mubah )‫(مباح‬: nothing given whether it was done or abandoned. (i.e sleeping during noon)

6. Shohih )‫ (صحيح‬: what has been completed its rukn & syarth

7. Bathil )‫ (باطل‬: what has not been completed its rukn & syarth

8. Syart )‫ (شرط‬: indicators of the validity of something/action. Usually not part of the measured

9. Ruhshoh )‫ (رخصة‬: a norm/principle/law which can change to the easiest form due to obstacle

10. Azimah )‫ (عزيمة‬: a norm/principle/law which can’t change

11. sabab )‫ (سبب‬: a cause of the emergence of a law/norm/principle

12. Man’u )‫ (منع‬: a cause for the execution of a law/norm/principle to be called off.
 Reference

Dalhat, Y. (2015). Introduction to Research Methodology in Islamic Studies. Journal

of Islamic Studies and Culture, 147-152.

Yasin, A. (n.d.). ILMU USUL FIQH (Dasar – Dasar Istinbat Hukum Islam). Surabaya:
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

.‫ مختصر أصول الفقه و القواعد الفقهية‬.)2006( .‫قسم المنهج الدراسي كلية المعلمين اإلسالمية‬
Ponorogo: Darussalam Press.

.‫ أصول الفقه‬.)2011( .‫قسم المنهج الدراسي كلية المعلمين اإلسالمية‬Ponorogo: Darussalam Press.