ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY

AND GENETICS
Learning Objectives:
Demonstrate an understanding of the
plant and animal organ systems and
their function.
Compare and contrast the different
processes in plants and animals.
 Gas Exchange
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Two biological processes involve in the
gas exchange in organisms.
 Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration

Photosynthesis

carbon dioxide  water light

  sugar  oxygen
energy

Notice Anything?

sugar  oxygen 
 carbon dioxide  water  energy
Cellular Respiration
 Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
Photosynthesis

carbon dioxide  water light

  sugar  oxygen
energy

sugar  oxygen 
 carbon dioxide  water  energy
Cellular Respiration

What is created in one reaction is used up in the other

reaction!
 Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
Photosynthesis

carbon dioxide  water light

  sugar  oxygen
energy

sugar  oxygen 
 carbon dioxide  water  energy
Cellular Respiration
 NUTRITION
Nutrition
- is the process of providing or obtaining food
necessary for health, survival and growth of
an organism.
Nutrients
- Substances that provides energy for the
organisms metabolic processes such as
growth, maintenance, reproduction and even
immunity.
 MODES OF NUTRITION
1. Autotrophic
- Can manufacture their own food or
nutrients by synthesizing inorganic
materials.
 Photoautotrophic (Sun)
 Chemoautotrophic (chemicals)
2. Heterotrophic
- they cannot make their own food.
- Obtain their energy by digesting
organic matter.
- Includes animals, fungi and some
bacteria.
Saprophytic or Saprotrophic
- Organisms obtain their nutrients from
dead organic matter.
Parasitic
- Organism takes in food from another
organism.
- Parasite (takes food) and Host (where
food is taken).
Ectoparasitism
-Parasite is outside the body of the host).
Endoparasitism
(parasite lives inside the body of the host).
3. Holozoic
- organisms ingest solid or liquid food.
- The food is digested and absorbed by
the body.
Herbivorous
Carnivorous
Omnivorous
Reproduction
- Organisms have the ability to produce
another of their kind.
Types of Reproduction
1. Asexual Reproduction
2. Sexual Reproduction
 KINDS OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Budding
- Organism is
reproduced by
forming an
outgrowth or a
“bud” from a part
of the parent
organism’s body.
Fragmentation
- Organism is
produced from the
detached body
part of its parent.
- Sea stars
Binary Fission
- Parent organism
splits into two
daughter
organism.
- Usually done by
prokaryotic
organism.
Vegetative Reproduction

- a plant part is used to

reproduce another
plant.
Spore Formation
- this involves the
production of
spores, which are
specialized asexual
reproductive cells.
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Gametes
- Reproductive sex cells (sperm and egg
cells).
Fertilization
- union of sperm cell and egg cell.
Zygote
- fertilized egg as a result when the sperm
cell and egg cell fused together.
Reproductive Traits in Organism
1. Color Display
- Plants use their physical
characteristics to attract pollinators.
- Bright color flowers to attract insects.
- Color display used to attract mates.
2. Sexual Selection
- this form of natural selection allows
successful transfer of genes from one
generation to the next.
- Male species compete with other
males to copulate with females.
Plants: (light, chemical, gravity, water
and touch)
Tropism - ability of the plant to respond
to a certain stimulus.
Different Tropism in Plants
1. Phototropism
2. Geotropism
- Movement of the plant in response top
gravitational force.
3. Hydrotropism
- Movement of the plant in response to
water.
4. Thigmotropism
- Movement of the plant in response
mechanical stimuli.