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Tunnel engineering involves constructing underground passages without disturbing the surface. Tunnels provide shorter routes for transportation, convey water for power generation, and protect against natural hazards. They have advantages like shorter routes and avoiding traffic disruptions, but also disadvantages like requiring skilled labor and equipment and taking more time and money. Tunnels are classified by purpose (e.g. traffic, conveyance) and material (e.g. hard rock, soft rock). Their shape can be rectangular, circular, horseshoe, etc. Tunnel surveying locates the centerline and shafts are constructed for access, ventilation, material removal, and transferring the centerline inside.
Tunnel engineering involves constructing underground passages without disturbing the surface. Tunnels provide shorter routes for transportation, convey water for power generation, and protect against natural hazards. They have advantages like shorter routes and avoiding traffic disruptions, but also disadvantages like requiring skilled labor and equipment and taking more time and money. Tunnels are classified by purpose (e.g. traffic, conveyance) and material (e.g. hard rock, soft rock). Their shape can be rectangular, circular, horseshoe, etc. Tunnel surveying locates the centerline and shafts are constructed for access, ventilation, material removal, and transferring the centerline inside.
Tunnel engineering involves constructing underground passages without disturbing the surface. Tunnels provide shorter routes for transportation, convey water for power generation, and protect against natural hazards. They have advantages like shorter routes and avoiding traffic disruptions, but also disadvantages like requiring skilled labor and equipment and taking more time and money. Tunnels are classified by purpose (e.g. traffic, conveyance) and material (e.g. hard rock, soft rock). Their shape can be rectangular, circular, horseshoe, etc. Tunnel surveying locates the centerline and shafts are constructed for access, ventilation, material removal, and transferring the centerline inside.
Definition & necessity Underground passage which are constructed without disturbing the ground surface
• route to be connected by shorter distance
• Conveying water for power generation • To avoid acquisition of valuble land • Protection againt landslide, snow fall • Coneveying water,oil,gas Advantages • The connect terminal station by short route • Less route length result in less transportation cost • They carry railway, road and water, oil, gas • Avoiding holding up of traffic for long time • To avoid acquisition of valuble land • Protection againt landslide, snow fall Disadvantages • Require skilled labour & supervision • Require Special equipment • Costly in construction • Require more time • May cause suffocation if ventilation not provided properly Classification According to purpose i) Traffic tunnel 1. Railway 2. Highway 3. Navigation 4. Subway 5. Pedestrain ii)Conveyance tunnel 1. Water supply 2. Hydropower 3. Sewage 4. Tunnel for industrial use According to type of material 1. In hard rock 2. In soft rock 3. In quick sand 4. Uder river bed According to position of alignment 1. Base tunnel 2. Spiral tunnel 3. Slope Shape tunnel Shape Rectangular tunnel Segmental Circular Horse shoe Egg shape Elliptical Tunnel surveying
Involve the following operation
1. Location center line on the ground
2. Construction of shaft over center line 3. Transferring the center line inside the tunnel Shaft • When the length of tunnel is small, it can be constructed by excavation • The vertical opening along the alignment Purpose of shaft • To start excavation from both side • To provide adequate natural ventilation • To remove excavated material • To provide passage for pumping out water • To provide passage for construction tool, machinery • To transfer the center line inside the tunnel Construction of shaft
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910
The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
The East River Tunnels. Paper No. 1159