Access to comprehensive, quality health care

services is important for promoting and maintaining

health, preventing and managing disease, reducing
unnecessary disability and premature death, and
achieving health equity for all Americans. This topic
area focuses on 3 components of access to care:
insurance coverage, health services, and timeliness
of care. When considering access to health care, it is
important to also include oral health care and
obtaining necessary prescription drugs. If there is
one government today and another government
tomorrow, there will not be economic development
in that country.
 Sociology is the science of society. Social
sciences like politics and economics may be
considered as the branches of sociology.
Sociology is a general social science. It
attempts to discover the facts and laws of
society as a whole. Sociology deals with all
aspects of society. But economics deals only
with the economic aspects of a society. It
studies human behaviour in relation to scarce
means and unlimited wants.
 Both economics and politics are social sciences
and there is a close connection between them.
Politics is the science of the State or political
society. It studies about man in his relation to the
State.
The production and distribution of wealth are
influenced to a very great extent by the
government. We have economic planning in our
country. And the main aim of planning is to increase
the national income by increasing production and by
a proper distribution of income.
 Economics and history are closely
related. History is a record of the past
events. In history, we survey economic,
political and social conditions of the people in
the past. To a student of history, love affairs,
marriages and even murders of kings are
important subjects of study.
 Ethics is a social science. It deals with
moral questions. It discusses the rules that
govern right conduct and morality. It deals
with questions of right and wrong. It aims at
promoting good life.

There is connection between economics

and ethics. While economics, according to
Marshall, aims at promoting material welfare,
ethics aims at promoting moral welfare.
 Jurisprudence is the science of law. The
economic progress of a nation depends to a great
extent on its legal system. Good laws promote
economic progress and bad laws act as an
impediment to growth. For example, in the past
when we welcomed foreigners to invest in our
country, they used to say our taxation was
complex and not good. Of course, now things
have improved. So we must have simple and
clear laws in the fields of taxation and labour
legislation to promote economic progress.
 Psychology is the science of mind. It
deals with all kinds of human behaviour. For
example, we have child psychology, mob
psychology, industrial psychology and criminal
psychology. But economics studies one aspect
of human behaviour. It studies human
behaviour with reference to unlimited wants
and limited means.
 Among other sciences, economics is
related to mathematics and statistics.
Statistics is the science of averages. It is the
science of counting. Many tables and
diagrams used in economics are based on
statistical analysis. Mathematical methods are
largely used in modern economics.
 Microeconomics is the social science that
studies the implications of human action,
specifically about how those decisions affect the
utilization and distribution of scarce resources.
Microeconomics shows how and why different
goods have different values, how individuals
make more efficient or more productive
decisions, and how individuals best coordinate
and cooperate with one another. Generally
speaking, microeconomics is considered a more
complete, advanced, and settled science
than macroeconomics.
 Macroeconomics is a branch of
economics that studies how an overall
economy—the market systems that
operate on a large scale—behaves.
Macroeconomics studies economy-wide
phenomena such as inflation, price
levels, rate of economics growth,
national income, gross domestics
product (GDP), and changes
in unemployment.
 Macroeconomics deals with
the performance, structure, and
behavior of the entire economy,
in contrast to Microeconomics,
which is more focused on the
choices made by individual actors
in the economy (like people,
households, industries, etc.).
Economic Institutions may subdivide them
for convenience of discussion into

(1)private property,
(2)free markets,
(3)competition,
(4)division and combination of labor, and
(5)social cooperation.

As we shall see, these are not separate

institutions. They are mutually dependent:
each implies the other, and makes it possible.
 It is neither a recent nor an
arbitrary institution, as some socialist
writers would have us believe. Its roots
go as far back as human history itself.
Every child reveals a sense of property
with regard to his own toys. Scientists
are just beginning to realize the
astonishing extent to which some sense
or system of property rights or territorial
rights prevails even in the animal world.
 The second basic institution of a
capitalist economy is the free market. The
free market means the freedom of everybody
to dispose of his property, to exchange it for
other property or for money, or to employ it
for further production, on whatever terms he
finds acceptable. This freedom is of course a
corollary of private property. Private property
necessarily implies the right of use for
consumption or for further production, and
the right of free disposal or exchange.
 The foregoing discussion already implies
the third integral institution in the capitalist
system—competition. Every competitor in a
private-enterprise system must meet the
market price. He must keep his unit
production costs below this market price if he
is to survive. The further he can keep his
costs below the market price the greater his
profit margin. The greater his profit margin
the more he will be able to expand his
business and his output.
 Smith goes on to explain how the division
and subdivision of labor leads to improved
dexterity on the part of individual workers, in
the saving of time commonly lost in passing from
one sort of work to another, and in the invention
and application of specialized machinery. “It is
the great multiplication of the productions of all
the different arts, in consequence of the division
of labor,” he concludes, “which occasions, in a
well-governed society, that universal opulence
which extends itself to the lowest ranks of the
people.”
 It is obvious that they cannot be
considered apart. Each implies the other. No
can can specialize if he lives alone and must
provide for all his own needs. Division and
combination of labor already imply social
cooperation. They imply that each exchanges
part of the special product of his labor for the
special product of the labor of others. But
division of labor, in turn, increases and
intensifies social cooperation.
 The Scientific Method is a
rigorous, time tested process for
determining the probable truth of
any cause-and-effect proposition.
The proposition is known as
a hypothesis. The method of testing
is experimentation.
 For a scientist the problem to solve
is what is the cause of a particular effect?

For the 17th century English physician John

Snow, the problem to solve was what is the cause of
diseases like cholera and the Black Death? There was
no good explanation for the phenomenon of cholera
at the time, which had a mortality rate of about
50%. Snow's scientific approach to solving the cause
of cholera problem is one of the great classics of
science.
 When formulating a
research hypothesis, you have to start with a
research question. Next, you turn the
question into a hypothesis, which is an
educated prediction that provides an
explanation for an observed event.
 The Hypothesis Testing is a
statistical test used to determine whether
the hypothesis assumed for the sample of
data stands true for the entire population or
not. Simply, the hypothesis is an assumption
which is tested to determine the relationship
between two data sets.
 A value judgment (or value judgement) is
a judgment of the rightness or wrongness of
something or someone, or of the usefulness of
something or someone, based on a comparison or
other relativity. As a generalization, a value
judgment can refer to a judgment based upon a
particular set of values or on a particular value
system. A related meaning of value judgment is an
expedient evaluation based upon limited information
at hand, an evaluation undertaken because a
decision must be made on short notice.
 Generalization is an essential
component of the wider scientific
process. In an ideal world, to test a
hypothesis, you would sample an entire
population. It is what allows researchers
to take what they have learnt on a small
scale and relate it more broadly to the
bigger picture.
 Your conclusions summarize how
your results support or contradict your
original hypothesis: Summarize
your science fair project results in a
few sentences and use this summary to
support your conclusion. Include key
facts from your background research
to help explain your results as needed.
 The scientific method can be used to help
an individual or groups logically or reasonably
come to a conclusion concerning a specific
subject or topic. The scientific method is used by
many people such as scientists, historians,
investigators, doctors, engineers, students, as
well as anyone else who wants to rationally solve
a problem. The scientific method will not be able
to answer every single question or solve every
problem that someone might have, but it has
been proven to be very useful in countless
situations.