PHYSICAL

CHEMISTRY I
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
• Mass and Weight
• Specific Volume and Density
• Specific Weight
• Pressure and Temperature
• Flowrates
• Conservation of Mass
• Conservation of Energy
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Dimensions – is the name given to a physical quantity. (ex. mass,
temperature, time and length)

Units – is the standard measure of dimension (i.e. kilogram, meter, second

and Kelvin)
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

1. Systeme International (SI)

2. Meter – Kilogram – Seconds
3. Centimeter – Gram – Seconds
4. English (FPS)
UNITS AND DIMESIONS
UNITS AND DIMESIONS
UNITS AND DIMESIONS
UNITS AND DIMESIONS
UNITS AND DIMESIONS
UNITS AND DIMESIONS
ACCELERATION
Newton’s Law of Acceleration states that the acceleration of a particular
body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.

where k is the gravitational constant gc

ACCELERATION
• System of Units (gc = 1.0)
a. CGS system: 1 dyne force accelerates 1 gram – mass (g m) at 1 cm
b. MKS system: 1 newton force accelerates 1 kilogram – mass (kgm) at 1
m/
c. FPS system: 1 pound force (lbf) accelerates 1 slug mass at 1 f

• System of Units (gc ≠ 1.0)

a. 1 gram - force accelerates 1 gram – mass (gm) at 980.66 cm
b. 1 kilogram – force (kgf) accelerates 1 kilogram – mass (kgm) at 9.8066 m/
c. 1 pound force (lbf) accelerates 1 pound – mass (lbm) at 32.174 f
ACCELERATION
• Derived Conversions:

= 9.8066 N = 32.174
FORCE
A unit of force is one that produces unit acceleration in a body of unit mass.

=
= (1 lbm) (f)
MASS and WEIGHT
The mass of a body is the absolute quantity of matter in it.
The weight of a body means the force of gravity Fg on the body.

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation relates the force of attraction

between two masses, and in equation form is:
F g= G

where Fg is the force of attraction (for earth’s attraction on earthly system,

the force of gravity) between the masses m1 and m2 that r distance apart.
G is the gravitational constant (3.44x or ), in MKS; 6.670
MASS and WEIGHT
An astronaut weighs 730 N in Houston, Texas where the local acceleration of
gravity is g = 9.792 m/. What are the astronaut’s mass and weight on the
moon, where g = 1.67 m/?
MASS and WEIGHT
A car whose mass is 2 metric tons is accelerated uniformly from standstill to
100 kmph in 5 sec. Find the mass in pounds, the acceleration, the driving
force in newtons, and the distance travelled.
MASS and WEIGHT
Five masses in a region where the acceleration due to gravity is 30.5 fp are
as follows: 500 g of mass; 800 gf;15 poundals; 3lbf and 0.10 slug of mass.
What is the total mass expressed (a) in grams, (b) in pounds, and (c) in slugs?
MASS and WEIGHT
Note that the gravity of acceleration at equatorial sea level is g = 32.088 fp
and that its variation is - 0.003 fp per 1000 f ascent. Find the height in miles
above this point for which (a) the gravity acceleration becomes 30.504 fp,
(b) the weight of a given man is decreased by 5%. (c) What is the weight of a
180 lbm man atop the 29 131 f Mt. Everest in Tibet, relative to this point?
DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME and
SPECIFIC WEIGHT
Density (ρ) is its mass per unit volume:
Specific Volume (ν) is the volume per unit mass:
Specific Weight (Ƴ) of any substance is the force of gravity in unit volume:
Specific Gravity (SG): spec. gravity =
DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME and
SPECIFIC WEIGHT
The mass of a fluid system is 0.311 slug, its density is 30 lb/ and g is 31.90 fp. Find
(a) the specific volume, (b) the specific weight, and (c) total volume.
DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME and
SPECIFIC WEIGHT
A cylindrical drum (2 – f diameter, 3 – f height) is filled with a fluid whose density
is 40 lb/. Determine (a) total volume of the fluid, (b) its mass in pounds and slugs,
(c) its specific volume, and (d) its specific weight where g = 31.90 fp.
DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME and
SPECIFIC WEIGHT
Two liquids of different densities (ρ1 = 1500 kg/, ρ2= 500 kg/) are poured together
into a 100 – L tank, filling it. If the resulting density of the mixture is 800 kg/, find
the respective quantities of liquids used. Also, find the weight of the mixture; local g
= 9.675 mp.
PRESSURE
PRESSURE CONVERSIONS
1 atm = 14.7 psi (lbf)
= 101325 Pa
= 101.325 kPa
= 760 mmHg
= 760 Torr
= 29.92 inHg
= 33.91 f water
1 bar = Pa

P = P0 + Pg
PRESSURE
Given the barometric pressure of 14.7 psia, make these conversions:
a. 80 psig to psia and to atmosphere
b. 20 inHg vacuum to inHg abs and to psia
c. 10 psia to psi vacuum and to Pa
d. 15 inHg gage to psia, torrs and to Pa.
PRESSURE
A dead weight gage with a 1 cm diameter piston is used to measure
pressures accurately. In a particular instance a mass of 6.14 kg (including
piston and pan) brings it into balance. If the local g = 9.82 m/. What is the
gage pressure being measured? If the barometric pressure is 748 torr, what
is the absolute pressure?
TEMPERATURE
• Absolute temperature is the
temperature measured from
absolute zero.
• Absolute zero temperature is the
temperature at which all
molecular motion ceases.
(KE = 3RT/2NA)
TEMPERATURE
Show that the specific heat of a substance in BTU/lb m - ˚F is numerically equal
to cal/g - ˚C.
PROBLEM
An instrument to measure the acceleration of gravity on mars is constructed
of a spring from which a mass of 0.40 kg is suspended at a place on earth
where the local acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/, the spring extends 1.08 cm.
When the instrument package is landed on Mars, it radios the information
that the spring is extended 0.40 cm. What is the Martian acceleration of
gravity?
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
CONSERVATION OF MASS
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is indestructible.
If steady flow exists in a channel and the principle of conservation of
mass is applied to the system, there exists a continuity of flow, defined
as: "The mean velocities at all cross sections having equal areas are
then equal, and if the areas are not equal, the velocities are inversely
proportional to the areas of the respective cross sections.“ This is
expressed in the Continuity Equation:

Q = the volumetric flow rate

A = the cross sectional area of flow
V = the mean velocity
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Mass Flowrate Volumetric Flowrate
CONSERVATION OF MASS
A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in a flow line.
At section 1: A1 = 10,ν1 = 100 fpm, v1 = 4/lb. At section 2: A2= 2, ρ2 = 0.20 lb/.
Calculate (a) the mass flow rate and (b) the speed at section 2.
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Two gaseous streams enter a combining tube and leave as a single mixture.
These data apply at the entrance section:
For one gas, A1 = 75 , ν1 = 500 fps, v1 = 10
For the other gas, A2 = 50 , = 16.67 lb/s, ρ2 = 0.12
At exit, ν3= 350 fps, v3= 7 . Find (a) the speed v2 = at section 2, and (b) the
flow area at the exit section.
CONSERVATION OF MASS
If a pump discharges 75 gpm of H2O whose specific weight 0s 61.5 lbf/and g =
31.95 ft/. Find (a) mass flowrate in lb/min and (b) the total time required to
fill a vertical tank 10 feet in diameter and 12 feet – high.
CONSERVATION OF MASS
A 10 – ft diameter by 15 – ft height vertical tank is receiving water (ρ = 62.1
lb/ cu ft) at the rate of 300 gpm and is discharging through a 6 – in ID line
with a constant speed of 5 fps. At a given instant, the tank is half full. Find
the water level and the mass change in the tank 15 min later.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy, can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed
from one form or another. The flow of energy is described by work.
Work is performed whenever a force acts through a distance. By its
definition, the quantity of work is given by the equation:

where F is the component of force acting along the line of the displacement
dl.
CONSERVATION ENERGY
CONSERVATION OF KINETIC CONSERVATION OF POTENTIAL ENERGY
ENERGY
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
An automobile having a mass of 1250 kg is travelling at 40 meter per square
seconds. What is the kinetic energy in kJ? How much work must be done to
bring it to a stop?
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Calculate the net work for one cycle consisting of the isothermal expansion
(A  B) and compression (B  A) of one mole of ideal gas at 273.15 K
between 1 atm and 0.5 atm. The expansion involves lifting a 5 kg through 22
m. The compression is accomplished by a mass of 40 kg falling through 22 m.
Friction may be neglected.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The figure shows a chamber containing 0.04 of a gas. The initial pressure
which is supplied by weights on the piston is 200 kPa, keeping this pressure
constant, the chamber is heated until the volume of the gas is 0.10 .
Considering the gas in the chamber as a system; (a) calculate the work done
by the system. While heating is going on, weights are removed from the
piston in such a way that the relation between pressure and volume is given
by the expression:(b) PV = k; (c) P = k. Calculate the work done in both cases
if the initial conditions are the same and the initial and final volume are 0.04
and 0.1 respectively. (d) Let the piston be fixed so that the volume remains
constant. For the same initial conditions, calculate the work done if the heat
is removed from the system and the pressure drops to 100 kPa.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
During a process the volume of a unit weight system change from 5 to 3 .
Calculate the work done for this process if where P is the pressure in psia
and V is the volume in .
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
THE IDEAL GAS
IDEAL GAS EOS
Equations of state are mathematical equations relating P, V, T, and n for
a sample of substance.
- specifying the values for any three automatically determines the
fourth.

Ideal Gas Equation of State works best at high temperatures and low
pressures.

Ideal Gas obeys the ideal gas equation.

BOYLE’s LAW
CHARLE’S LAW
AVOGADRO’S LAW
AVOGADRO’S LAW
AVOGADRO’S LAW
MOLAR VOLUME
The molar volume v of any pure substance (not just gases) is just the volume
occupied by one mole of the substance:

•One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L at STP

•One mole of an ideal gas occupies 24.79 L at SATP
COMBINED GAS EQUATION
 DALTON’S LAW
The total pressure P exerted by a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the
pressures that would be exerted if each gas occupied the same volume alone.

Note that V is the total volume of the gas and n is the total moles of gas. P A, PB,
and PC are called the partial pressures of A,B, and C, respectively.
MOLE FRACTION (x)
The mole fraction xi of component i in a mixture is defined by:
PARTIAL PRESSURES
From Dalton’s Law,

In other words, the partial pressure of any given gas in a gas mixture is just
the mole fraction of that gas times the total pressure of the mixture:
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUME
The partial volume Vi of any gas i in a mixture of gases is defined as the
volume that would be occupied by that gas if it were at the total pressure P of
the mixture
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 4: KINETIC
MOLECULAR THEORY
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
KMT: POSTULATES
KMT: POSTULATES
AVERAGE KE OF A MOLECULE
PRESSURE: DEFINED
TEMPERATURE: DEFINED
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION
AVERAGE KE OF A MOLECULE
MOLECULAR SPEED
AVERAGE KE OF A MOLECULE
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
TERMS
ENERGY BALANCE FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM
ENERGY BALANCE FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM
STEAM TABLE
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Joule’s Experiment – a known amount of water, oil, mercury

Internal Energy is the energy stored within a body or substance by virtue of

the activity and configuration of its molecules and of the vibration of the
atoms within the molecules. Its an energy that is not depended on the
position or motion of the substance.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
System is the portion of the universe
under consideration.
a. Open system is a control volume
system allows the transfer of
mass and heat. (e.i. turbine,
pump, nozzle, compressor and
pipes)
b. Closed system is a control mass
system, it only allows the
exchange of energy. (e.i. vessel
and tank)
c. Isolated system neither matter
nor energy is transferred.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Boundary surface that separates the
system from its surroundings.
a. Imaginary
b. Real
c. Moving
d. Fixed
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Intensive Properties Extensive Properties

Intensive properties are those that Extensive properties are those whose
are independent of the mass of a values depend on the size—or extent
system, such as temperature, —of the system. (i.e. mass, volume
pressure, and density. and momentum)
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
• Path Functions are properties
that depend on how the
change occurs. Distance
travelled is a path function.
• State functions are properties
that depend only on the
conditions that describe the
system. Energy is a state
function
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Zeroth Law by Ralph Howard
Fowler states that when to bodies,
isolated from other environment,
are in thermal equilibrium with a
third body, the two are in
equilibrium with each other.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Law of Thermodynamics by Rudolf
Julius Emmanuel Clausius states that:
“energy can neither be created nor
destroyed but can only be changed from
one form to another.”

Restated as: “Energy may be transferred

as work or heat, but no energy can be
lost, nor can heat or work be obtained
from nothing”. (perpetual motion
machines are not possible)
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
Any process that can be
reversed by an infinitesimal
change in a parameter
(variable) such as P is called a
reversible process , and the
work output under these
conditions will be the maximum
work, which is called the
reversible work , wrev.
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
A piston that applies a constant pressure of 5.00 bar is used to
compress three moles of an ideal gas isothermally at 25°C from an
initial pressure of 0.50 bar to a final pressure of 3.00 bar.
(a)How much work is done to compress the gas?
(b)What is the minimum work required to carry out this compression?
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
How much work is done when one mole of metallic sodium (23 g) is
dropped into a beaker of water at 35°C and allowed to react
isothermally at this temperature?
GENERAL PROPERTY RELATIONS
INTERNAL ENERGY (U)
GENERAL PROPERTY RELATIONS
HEAT CAPACITY
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
HEAT CAPACITY
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
HEAT CAPACITY
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
HEAT CAPACITY
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
ENTHALPY
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
ENTHALPY
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
ENTHALPY
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
GENERAL PROPERTY RELATIONS
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS

These equations apply to the ideal-gas state for various process calculations. The
assumptions implicit in their derivation are that the system is closed and the process
is mechanically reversible.
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
1st LAW: CLOSED SYSTEM
A closed gaseous system undergoes a reversible process during which 25 BTU are
rejected. The volume changes from 5 to 2 and the pressure is constant at 50 psia.
What is the change in internal energy in BTU?
1st LAW: CLOSED SYSTEM
1st LAW: CLOSED SYSTEM
During the execution of a non – flow process by the system, the work done per
degree temperature increase is and internal energy may be expressed as 20.0 +
0.5T , a function of temperature. Determine the heat if the temperature is in .
Determine the heat if the temperature change from 50 to 100.