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NISHANT KUMAR
EC 7th SEMESTER
0712831069
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0 Ingeneral, "embedded system" is not a strictly

definable term, as most systems have some
element of extensibility or programmability.

0An Embedded system is a computer

system designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions. It is Embedded as part of a
complete device often including hardware and
mechanical parts.
   




   

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ceatures:

0 ATmega16 is a 40pin IC.

0 It is an 8bit microcontroller. It has 4 I/O interfacing Ports
as A,B,C and D.
0 Based on Enhanced RISC architecture. Designed to
optimize Power consumption versus processing speed.
0 Up to 16MIPS throughput at 16MHz.
016K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable clash
0 cour PWM channels.
0 Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
0 Programmable Serial USART

 

 

 

  

  
0 ATmega16 Basically supports 3 timers
6 Timer 0, 8 bit
6 Timer 1, 16 bit (has 2 parts A and B)
6 Timer 2, 8 bit
0 Timer clock frequency is set. Each of the timer modules
can have different or same clocks.

0 Clock source is a system clock

0 Timer frequency (ft) is adjusted to 1MHz.
0Register increments on every rising edge of timer
clock. After counting 255, it again starts from 0.
  

0 Signal that stops the current running program forcing it to

execute another program immediately.
0 doesn¶t wait for current program to finish
0 It is unconditional and immediate so called interrupt.
0 Hardware interrupt pins on Atmega16 are
0 INT0
0 INT 1
0 INT 2
0 Polling is a process of simply reading the button input
regularly.
0 Interrupt operations should be small for less consumption of
time.
0 Hardware interrupt has an advantage over polling that CPU
time is never wasted, but used effectively.
 
0 SPI stands for serial peripheral interface
0 SPI is a sync serial Data link used to communicate between two or more
Microcontrollers or other devices supporting SPI.
0 Master/slave modes used for data transfer.
0 Master initiates frame transfer.
0 with CVAVR, we can use CLKs 2000, 500, 125, 62.5 KHz

Communication Protocol consist of

following Pins:
MOSI ± Master Out Slave In
MISO ± Master In Slave Out
SCK ± Serial Clock
SS ± Slave Select (0 for device acting
as slave)
  
0 {ART stands for {niversal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
0 Microcontroller¶s way to exchange data from computer or any other
Microcontroller.
0 Baud rates both on Tx and Rx should be same as being Asynchronous.
0 Default Baud Rate is 2400. Others are 300, 1200, 19200 etc.
0 Key concept behind is internal CLK of {ART controller runs much faster than
the Baud Rate used. E.g. 1640 {ART controller has internal CLK 16 times more
than the Baud Rate used.

Start Bit (Logic 0)

Parity Bit


 
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Stop Bit (Logic 1)

Data Bits
 
  
 



 
 

  

    

 


      
    
 



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!
:
0 Having 5x8 dots.
0 +5v power supply required. (also
available for +3v)
0 16x2 characters display.
  
    
 
0 MCU cannot directly drive a motor connected to its port.
0 The current provided by any of the ports of MCU is 5mA
and voltage is +5v.
0 The Motor requires at least 500mA to run on 5v of voltage.
0 Hence, L293 IC is interfaced to MCU.
0 Motors are not directly connected to MCU ports but
connected to MCU via L293 IC.
0 Motor Driver does not amplify the current, but it acts as a
switch ( H bridge)
0 L293 provides current output of 1A while one of its types
L293D provides the output of 600mA.

Atmega16 L293 Motor

  
  
 
0 In home appliances we use 220 volts and 16 A current.
0 The current provided by any of the ports of MCU is 5mA
and voltage is +5v.
0 So we cannot connect MCU directly.
0 We use relay which is electric switch controlled by 12 volt
DC
0To drive this relay we need to convert 5V in to 12V using
coupler, L293 etc.

5 to 12 volt
Atmega16 Relay AC device
coupler
   

0 LED display
0Keypad
0Digital clock
0Line follower Robot
 
 

0 Today, embedded system is a basic application to

everything we use in our daily life.

0 some are as such: Digital clock, MP3 Players, DVD

Players, Video Game console, Printers etc.

0It is widely used in robotics and automation.

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