Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr Yamna
Content
• 1. Definition
• 2. Structure
• 3. Function
• 4. Types
• 5. Synaptic Transmission
• A. Electrical
• B. Chemical
• 6. Transmission of Neurotransmitters
• 7. Excitatory & Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
• 9. Properties
• A. One-way Conduction
• B. Synaptic Delay
• C. Fatigue
• D. Summation
• E. Facilitation
• F. Excitatory & Inhibitory
• G. Occlusion Phenomenon
• H. Convergence & Divergence
• 10. Clinical
Definition
• 2. Neuromuscular
It is the synapse of a motor neuron and a muscle
• 3. Neuroglandular
It is the synapse of a neuron and a endo/exocrine gland
Synaptic Transmission
• It is the process which nerve cells communicate among
themselves or with muscles and glands.
• It can be of 2 types:
A. Electrical transmission
B. Chemical transmission
A. Electrical Transmission
• In these synapses the membranes of the two cells
actually touch, and they share proteins. This allows the
action potential to pass directly from one membrane to
the next.They are very fast, but are quite rare, found only
in the heart and the eye.
B. Chemical Transmission
• In a chemical synapse, electrical activity in the
presynaptic neuron is converted into the release of a
chemical called a neurotransmitter that binds to
receptors located in the plasma membrane of the
postsynaptic cell.
Transmission of
Neurotransmitter
• I. At the end of the pre-synaptic neuron there are voltage
gated calcium channels. When an action potential reaches the
synapse these channels open, causing calcium ions to flow
into the cell.
• II. These calcium ions cause the synaptic vesicles to fuse with
the cell membrane, releasing their contents (the
neurotransmitter chemicals) by exocytosis.
• III. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
• IV. The neurotransmitter binds to the neuro receptors in the
post-synaptic membrane, causing the channels to open.
Inhibitory and Excitatory
Neurotansmitter
• Inhibitory neurotransmitters produce a depolarization of
the postsynaptic membrane called the inhibitory
postsynaptic potential (IPSP). They reduce chances of a
new impulse.
• I. Serotonin
• II. GABA (γ aminobutyric acid)
• III. Glycine
• i. Release of neurotransmitter
• ii. Movement of the neurotransmitter from the axon
terminal to the postsynaptic membrane
• iii. Action of the neurotransmitter to open the ionic
channels in the postsynaptic membrane
C. Fatigue
• During continuous muscular activity, the synapse forms
the seat of fatigue along with the Betz cells.
• Summation is of 2 types:
• I. Spatial summation occurs when excitatory potentials from
many different presynaptic neurons cause the postsynaptic
neuron to reach its threshold and fire.
• II. Temporal summation occurs when a single presynaptic
neuron fires many times in succession, causing the
postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire.
E. Facilitation
• When a pre-synaptic axon is stimulated with several
consecutive individual stimuli, each stimulus may evoke
a larger post-synaptic potential than that evoked by the
previous stimulus.