Citing Sources

LET’S WARM UP
Copy the guide questions below:

1. What is the video all about?
2. What will happen when you copy somebody
else’s work without permission?
3. What is the best thing that you can do when you
want to use somebody else’s work? 1
LET’S WARM UP
What is the importance of citing

sources in academic writing?
2
CITING SOURCES
1
PURPOSE OF
CITING SOURCES
4
CITING SOURCES IN ACADEMIC WRITING IS
ESSENTIAL FOR THREE REASONS:
▰ to give credit to the original author of a work
and avoid pIagiarism
▰ to promote scholarly writing
▰ to help target readers identify the original
sources 5
Purpose of Citation: To give credit to the original
author of the work
▰ Plagiarism is a serious offense in which

someone takes and uses the ideas,
information, concepts, arguments, or
information of someone else, intentionally
or unintentionally, without proper citation.
6
author of the work
Various forms of plagiarism:

▰ not following the conventions for referencing and
acknowledging sources
▰ changing the words used into synonyms or copying
the exact sentence structure of a source without
giving credit
▰ copying many words or ideas from a
source without attribution 7
author of the work
Various forms of plagiarism:

▰ paraphrasing another person’s work with minor
changes, but keeping the meaning, form and/or
progression of ideas of the original citation
▰ piecing together sections of the work of others
into a new whole and claiming it as your own
8
Purpose of Citation: To promote scholarly writing
▰ Scholarly writing means that you are able

to exhaustively use related and existing
ideas, information, concepts or arguments
of an expert and to properly attribute
these to the original source.
9
Purpose of Citation: To help your target audience
identify your original source
▰ Your target audience want to

either verify information or learn
more about the information from
the original source.
10
REMINDER:
Citing sources means borrowing from the following:
▰ concepts ▰ designs
▰ figures ▰ computer programs
▰ images ▰ sounds
▰ research results
▰ statistical tables 11
“ Give credit to
where credit is
due.
12
2
FORMS OF
CITATION 13
TWO FORMS OF
CITATIONS:
▰ In-text citation (within)
▰ Reference citation (end)
14
TWO FORMS OF CITATIONS
15
Forms of Citation: In-text citation
▰ In-text citation requires the writer to

cite the details of the reference used
in a certain part of his/her essay.
The formats of in-text citations vary
per style.
16
Forms of Citation: In-text citation
Example (APA style)

Two of three reviewed studies focusing on
communication in non-Internet and Internet
relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email
modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s
use was significantly linked to the strength of the
particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002).
17
Forms of Citation: Reference citation
▰ Reference citation refers to the

complete bibliographic entries of all
references used by the writer. This
appears in the reference list found
at the last part of the paper.
18
Forms of Citation: Reference citation
Example (APA style)

References
Cummings, J.N., Butler, B., & Krant R. (2002). The quality of
online social relationships. Communications of the
ACM, 45 (7), 103-108.
Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multimedia learning (2nd ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19
Forms of Citation: In-text and Reference citation
REMEMBER:
The two forms of citations (In-text and Reference) are
dependent on each other. Once a source is cited in-
text, it should also appear in the reference list or else
it may be considered as a form of plagiarism.
20
Style Guide/Manual
Rules of style and structure

A set of standards for design and
writing of documents, either for general
use or for a specific publication or
organization, including standards on
typography, grammar, or punctuation.
21
Widely used Style Guides
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association
(APA)
The Modern Language Association Style Guide

(MLA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
The Chicago Manual of Style 22

Widely used Style Guides
Style Guide Discipline
Psychology, education, hotel and restaurant

APA management, business, economics, and other social
sciences
MLA Literature, arts, and humanities
IEEE Engineering
AMA Medicine, health sciences, and other natural sciences
Chicago Reference books, non-academic periodicals (e.g.,

newspapers, magazines, journals, among others) 23
GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT CITATION
24
In-text Citation: APA
Style Discipline
Guide
Psychology, education, hotel and
APA restaurant management, business,
economics, and other social sciences
25
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is

required for business student majors.
Author-named in text
APA style is applied in the social sciences

(Sipacio, 2014).
Author-not named in text 26
▰ Follows the author-(latest) year of publication

method.
▰ Place the period after the citation when it is at the
end of the sentence.
▰ Indicate page numbers if it is directly quoted from a
passage (preceded by “p.” or “pp.”).
27
According to Sipacio (2014), “APA style is
required for business student majors” (p.25).

(Sipacio, 2014). 28
For a work with only one author


(Sipacio, 2014).
29
For two authors (note the use of “&”)
According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), APA

style is required for business student majors.
APA style is required for business student

majors (Sipacio & Barrot, 2014).
30
For three to five authors

1. Name all three (1st citation)
2. Primary Author followed by ‘et al’ (subsequent
citations)
31
For three to five authors (First citation)
According to Sipacio, Barrot, and Sanchez (2014),

APA style is required for business student majors.

majors (Sipacio, Barrot, & Sanchez, 2014).
32
For three to five authors (Subsequent citation)
Sipacio et al. states that APA style is required for

business student majors (2014).

majors (Sipacio et al., 2014).
33
Let’s Try
Information: The TV and Internet media pose

the greatest challenge in the emotional
development with both parents working.
Author: Mark Santos
Year of Publication: 2006
Page number of reference: 55-56 34
Let’s Try
Information: Behavioral problems may have

biochemical causes.
Authors: Mark Santos and Justin Rivera
Year of Publication: 2006
Page number of reference: 48-49
35
▰ Usage of a direct quote with less than 40 words

▻ include page number(s) enclosed in a
parenthesis, and it must be preceded by ‘p.’ or
‘pp.’ for multiple pages
36
▰ Usage of direct quote with less than 40 words
Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the

APA style guide too complex” (p.56).
37
In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income,
Assets, and Access”. Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of
causes of poverty.
(1) low to moderate economic growth for the
past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty
reduction; (3) failure to fully develop the agriculture
sector; (4) high inflation during crisis periods; and,
(5) high levels of population growth. (p.2)
38
▰ Usage of a direct quote with more than 40 words

▻ include page number(s) enclosed in a parenthesis
▻ Start the quotation in a new line with a ½
indentation on the left margin
▻ No need to enclose it in quotation marks, the page
must be placed
39
In-text Citation: MLA
Style Guide Discipline

MLA Literature, arts, and
humanities
40
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for

Humanities student majors (54).
MLA style is required for Humanities student

majors (Sipacio 54).
41
▰ It follows the author-page method.
▰ The first author mentioned in the in-text

citation is the first entry in the Works Cited
page.
42
▰ The page number should always be in the

parenthetical citation and not in the sentence.
▰ No comma is used in the in-text citation.
43
For a single author of a print source
Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for

Humanities student majors (54).
MLA style is required for Humanities student

majors (Sipacio 54). 44
For three or fewer authors
1. Sipacio and Barrot claimed that MLA style

is required for Humanities student major (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humaninities

student majors (Sipacio and Barrot 54). 45
For three or fewer authors
3. Bautista, Castillo, and Sy state that a

citation guide is useful when writing (54).
4. A citation guide is useful when writing

(Bautista, Castillo, and Sy 54). 46
For more than three authors
1. Sipacio et al. claimed that MLA style is

required for Humanities student majors (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humanities

student majors (Sipacio et al. 54) 47
For more than three authors
3. Sipacio, Miranda, Gracia, and Enriquez

claimed that MLA style is required for
Humanities student majors.
48
No author
MLA style is one of the many citation styles
students can use (“Citation Styles” 64).
Keys for Writers : Citation Styles
▰ Use shortened title of the work enclosed in
quotation marks 49
Direct Quotations
1. Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is

a mark of discipline” (56).
2. Would it be fair to say that “adhering to a

style is a mark of discipline” (Miranda 56)? 50
Direct Quotations

▰ Use double quotation marks to enclose direct
quotes not exceeding four lines.
51
Direct Quotations

▰ Use double quotation marks to enclose direct
quotes not exceeding four lines.
52
Direct Quotations

▰ In the parenthetical citation, give the
author’s last name and the page number.
53
Direct Quotations
▰ All punctuations which are a part of the
quoted text must be placed inside the
quotation marks, but if the punctuations
are part of your own text, place them
outside.
54
Direct Quotations
Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is a

mark of discipline” (56).
Would it be fair to say that “adhering to a style

is a mark of discipline” (Miranda 56)? 55
A source quoting another text
Mallari claimed that “the level of complexity

differs according to each person” (qtd. in
Sipacio 56) because of several factors.
▰ If your source quotes another text, use “qtd.
in” (which stands for as “quoted in”).
56
A quotation that exceeds four lines (MLA)
In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income,
Assets, and Access”. Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of
causes of poverty.
(1) low to moderate economic growth for
the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of
poverty reduction; (3) failure to fully develop the
agriculture sector; (4) high inflation during crisis
periods; and, (5) high levels of population growth.
(p.2) 57
A quotation that exceeds four lines (MLA)
▰ start in a new line
▰ no need to enclose the whole text in double quotation
marks
▰ indent the block of text 1” from the left, double
spacing
▰ parenthetical citation should come after the closing
punctuation mark of the quoted text 58
In-text Citation: IEEE
Style Discipline
Guide
IEEE Engineering
59
Guidelines in In-text Citation (IEEE)
There are reasons why it has been claimed that

using an IEEE formatting style is complex [1].
▰ There is no need to name the author, page
number, or date of publication.
▰ References are numbered according to the order
in which they were cited in the text [in brackets].
60
(Paragraph 2) Sipacio claimed that IEEE style is

complex [1].
There are reasons why it has been
(Paragraph 5) claimed that using on IEEE
formatting style is complex [1].
When a reference which was cited earlier is used
again in the latter parts of the text, the same
reference number will be used. 61
The IEEE formatting style is complex [1].

▰ The reference number has to correspond to the
full bibliographic details of the text in the reference
list of your paper.
[1] B. Sipacio, Citation for Engineering.

Chicago : Skyward Publishing, 2010. 62
In-text Citation: IEEE
Style Discipline
Guide
AMA medicine, health science and
other natural sciences
63
Guidelines in In-text Citation (AMA)
AMA style is required for Health Science majors. 1

▰ There is no need to name the author, page
number, or date of publication.
▰ The number reference is placed in superscript
after the sentence.
64
1
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.
The number reference is placed in superscript
after the sentence.
1. Cruz Y. Citation Guide for Natural Sciences.
Chicago : Skyward Publishing, 2010.
65
1
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.
The reference number has to correspond to
the full bibliographic details of the text in the
reference list of your paper.
1. Cruz Y. Citation Guide for Natural Sciences.
Chicago : Skyward Publishing, 2010. 66
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.1,2

When two articles or two different authors are
cited, use a comma to separate the reference
numbers.
67

Citing Sources

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LET’S WARM UP

Copy the guide questions below:

What is the importance of citing

▰ Plagiarism is a serious offense in which

Various forms of plagiarism:

Various forms of plagiarism:

▰ Scholarly writing means that you are able

▰ Your target audience want to

Citing sources means borrowing from the following:

▰ In-text citation requires the writer to

Example (APA style)

▰ Reference citation refers to the

Example (APA style)

Rules of style and structure

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological

The Modern Language Association Style Guide

American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)

The Chicago Manual of Style 22

Style Guide Discipline

Psychology, education, hotel and restaurant

Chicago Reference books, non-academic periodicals (e.g.,

According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is

APA style is applied in the social sciences

▰ Follows the author-(latest) year of publication

According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is

For a work with only one author

According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is

APA style is applied in the social sciences

For two authors (note the use of “&”)

According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), APA

APA style is required for business student

For three to five authors

For three to five authors (First citation)

According to Sipacio, Barrot, and Sanchez (2014),

APA style is required for business student

For three to five authors (Subsequent citation)

Sipacio et al. states that APA style is required for

APA style is required for business student

Information: The TV and Internet media pose

Information: Behavioral problems may have

▰ Usage of a direct quote with less than 40 words

▰ Usage of direct quote with less than 40 words

Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the

▰ Usage of a direct quote with more than 40 words

Style Guide Discipline

Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for

MLA style is required for Humanities student

▰ It follows the author-page method.

▰ The first author mentioned in the in-text

▰ The page number should always be in the

▰ No comma is used in the in-text citation.

For a single author of a print source

Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for

MLA style is required for Humanities student

For three or fewer authors

1. Sipacio and Barrot claimed that MLA style

2. MLA style is required for Humaninities

For three or fewer authors

3. Bautista, Castillo, and Sy state that a

4. A citation guide is useful when writing

For more than three authors

1. Sipacio et al. claimed that MLA style is

2. MLA style is required for Humanities

For more than three authors