EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

ON SEA SAND CONCRETE

INCORPORATING ALCCOFINE
Guided by
Dr. A. Muthadhi
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Pondicherry Engineering College
Presented by
Manimaran S (18CE309)
M. Tech – Structural Engineering
Pondicherry Engineering College

1
 INTRODUCTION
■ Infrastructure sector is the key which propels the development of
the nation.
■ Infrastructure refers to structures and facilities like building, roads
and power supplies. The major material used for construction of
structures is concrete.
■ River sand is one of a major problem faced by the construction
industries due to its depletion which resulted in increase in the
cost of river sand, increasing the cost of construction.
■ There are different materials like m-sand, quarry dust, etc., which
are used as fine aggregate. And mineral admixtures like fly ash,
rice husk ash, silica fume, etc. are also incorporated in the
concrete.
■ However, I adopt sea sand as fine aggregate with calcium nitrate
as chemical admixture.
■ Alccofine is a micro-fine material obtained from steel industry is
replaced with cement to enhance the properties of concrete.
2
 NEED FOR STUDY
■ Sea sand is adopted in the concrete due to the depletion
of natural source of fine aggregate i.e. river sand. As well
as sea sand is easily feasible in case of coastal areas
and is available abundant in nature.
■ Alccofine is a bi-product material of steel industry which
is incorporated in the concrete so as to increase the
strength and durability of concrete.
■ A special chemical admixture, known as calcium nitrate
is also introduced in the concrete as it inhibits corrosion
and improves strength of the sea sand concrete.

3
OBJECTIVE

The objective of the project is to study the

strength and durability properties of sea sand
concrete for various partial replacement of cement
with alccofine.

4
SCOPE
■ Locally available sea sand has to be used as fine
aggregate.
■ Alccofine has to be obtained from steel industries.
■ Cement has to be partially replaced with alccofine from
0% to 15% by weight. And optimum percentage has to
be determined.
■ Calcium Nitrate, a chemical admixture is added into
concrete in various proportions.
■ M30 grade of concrete is to be proportioned.
■ Compressive Strength test and water absorption at
7,28 and 60 days, Rapid Chloride Penetration Test
(RCPT) at 28 days, Corrosion test at 28 days and acid
attack test at 28 days are to be conducted.
5
LITERATURE
REVIEW

6
INTRODUCTION
■ M – Sand: Fine aggregate manufactured from other than
natural sources, by processing materials, using thermal or
other processes such as separation, washing, crushing
and scrubbing. (IS 383:2016)
■ Concrete is a strong and tough material. It is also brittle.
(Santhakumar, 2015)
■ Concrete – neither as strong nor as tough as steel. (Mehta
and Monteiro, 1997)
■ Concrete – possesses excellent resistance to water. i.e.,
the ability of concrete to withstand the action of water
without serious deterioration.
■ Quality of Concrete  Mechanical Properties. As well as its
ability to resist deterioration.

Short Term (Instantaneous) Long term (Sustained)

Strength and Bond Creep, Shrinkage and Durability
Characteristics Characteristics
7
CORROSION
■ Corrosion is defined as the destruction (or
deterioration) of materials due to chemical (or
electrochemical) reaction with the environment,
and also the loss of steel due to the formation of
rust. (Santhakumar, 2015)
■ Corrosion of steel reinforcement – de-passivation
of steel with reduction in concrete alkalinity.
■ Products of corrosion (like ferric oxide – brown in
color) occupies 2 to 10 times its original volume,
inducing tensile forces leading to cracks and
further accentuates the effect of corrosive
environment.

8
CHLORIDE – CORROSION
■ In the absence of chloride ions, the protective film
on steel is reported to be stable as long as pH is
above 11.5. (i.e. the alkalinity)
■ In the presence of chloride ions, depending on Cl
/ OH ratio, protective film gets destroyed even is
pH is above 11.5. (Mehta and Monteiro, 1997)
■ When Cl / OH molar ratios are higher than 0.6,
steel is no longer protected against corrosion,
because the iron-oxide film becomes either
permeable or unstable under these conditions.
■ The threshold chloride content to initiate corrosion
is in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 kg of Cl per cubic
meter of concrete.
9
EFFECTS OF CHLORIDES IN
CONCRETE
■ As per Clause 8.2.5.2, Presence of chloride in concrete
increases the risk of corrosion of embedded metal.
■ Higher the chloride content  Greater the risk of corrosion.
(IS 456:2000)

Courtesy: IS456:2000

10
Control of Corrosion
■ Water + Oxygen + Chloride ions = Corrosion.
Permeability of concrete.
■ If concrete mixture parameters ensure low permeability,
Corrosion can be controlled.
■ To ensure low permeability, low water/cement ratio,
adequate cement content, use of mineral admixtures
with proper consolidation and curing of concrete. (Mehta
and Monteiro, 1997)
■ ACI Building Code 318 specifies a maximum of 0.4
water/cement ratio for reinforced normal-weight
concrete exposed to deicing chemicals and sea water.

11
CORROSION-INHIBITING CHEMICALS
■ Alkalinity of concrete is an adequate protection for steel.
However, in adequate environments, sodium benzoate,
calcium lignosulphonate and sodium nitrite have shown
good results. (Santhakumar, 2015)
■ Corrosion can be prevented or delayed by chemical
method such as nitrites, phosphates, benzoates,
phosphates, etc.
■ Most widely used admixture is Calcium Nitrite.

Corrosion inhibiting
effects of Calcium
Nitrite.
Courtesy: M.S. Shetty

12
 S. No. Authors Year Title of Paper

A Solution for Sea Sand Reinforced

1 Mei-ni Su et al. 2019
Concrete Beams

Name of the
Construction and Building Materials
Journal

Type of Study Experimental Study

Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) method – To

Methods prevent Corrosion.
Adopted Carbon Fibre Mesh – To improve the loading capacity of
deteriorated Structures.

Parameter
Flexural Strength of Beam
Analyzed

13
DISCUSSION

■ When compared to corroded beams, the ultimate

strength of RC beams repaired by ICCP, SS and
ICCP-SS techniques increased by 29.3%, 40.7%
and 37.7%.
■ When compared to uncorroded reference beams,
the ultimate strength of RC has decreased by
12.5%, 11.5% and 15.2%.
■ Hence, the ICCP-SS technique works effectively.

14
 S. No. Authors Year Title of Paper

Use of Sea-sand and Seawater in

2 Xiao et al. 2017 Concrete Construction: Current
Status and Future Opportunities

Name of the
Construction and Building Materials
Journal

Type of Study Explanatory Study

Parameter Sea-sand Seawater concrete produced by various additions such

Analyzed as FRP, RCA and admixtures were analyzed.

15
 DISCUSSION
■ Both sea-sand and seawater
can affect the workability of
concrete, but this effect is
minimal.
■ Concrete with sea-sand and
seawater develops early
strength faster than ordinary
concrete.
■ But the latter strength
development is similar to that
of ordinary concrete.
■ Existing studies have led to
contradictory conclusions on
some effects of using sea-sand Courtesy: Construction and
and/or seawater in concrete, Building Materials
which may be due to different
properties of sea-sand and
seawater at different locations
around the world. 16
 S. No. Authors Year Title of Paper

Properties and Application of

3 Katano et al. 2015 Concrete made with Seawater and
Un-washed Sea Sand

Published by Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

Type of Study Experimental Study

Seawater and Sea Sand Concrete were produced with mineral

Methods
admixtures such as GGBS, silica fume, fly ash and chemical
Adopted
admixture ‘Calcium Nitrate’.

• Water permeability tests on cylinders.

Parameter
• Compression tests at ages of 7, 28 and 91 days.
Analyzed
• SEM and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were conducted.

17
 DISCUSSION
■ Resultant concrete was
denser and watertight.
Early strength and long-
term strength were
increased.
■ Early high strength (with
chloride ion content 4.5
kg per cubic meter) is
noted and long-term
strength is also retained
at high level.
■ Permeability co-efficient
and drying shrinkage
strain were also smaller. Courtesy: Sustainable Construction
material and technologies
18
 Literatures
S. No. Authors Year Title of Paper

A Review on Alccofine : A
4 Gupta et al. 2015 Supplementary Cementitious
Material

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and

Published by
Research (IJMTER)

Type of Study Experimental Study

Parameter
The effect of Alccofine in concrete were determined
Analyzed

19
 KEYPOINTS
■ Alccofine is a new generation micro fine material of
particle size much finer than other hydraulic materials
like cement, fly ash, silica, etc.
■ It has high Calcium oxide (CaO) content.
■ Alccofine – Two types:
i. Alccofine 1200 series – Low Calcium Silicate.
 It has good workability and flow ability. And reduced
Segregation and heat of hydration.
ii. Alccofine 1101 – High Calcium Silicate – Mainly used
for grouting.
 It’s rate of setting is high. It’s durable and economical.

20
 S. No. Authors Year Title of Paper

A Study on Compressive
5 Reddy et al. 2017 Behaviour of Ternary Blended
Concrete Incorporating Alccofine

International Conference on Materials Manufacturing and

Published by
Modelling (ICMMM)

Type of Study Experimental Study

• Optimum Content of GGBS was determined.

Method
• Fixing the optimum content of GGBS, alccofine was replaced
Adopted
with cement for various percentages.

Parameter • Compressive strength of ternary blended concrete was

Analyzed obtained for 7, 14 and 28 days.

21
DISCUSSION
■ 9 concrete mixes were prepared. Control mix, 10% to
40% GGBS replacement with cement and 8% to 14%
alccofine replacement (After determining the optimum
GGBS content).
■ Compression test values on TBC with Alccofine and
GGBS combinations were not superior when compared
to control concrete.

Courtesy: ICMMM 22
 S. No. Authors Year Title of Paper

Balamurali- Effect of Alccofine and GGBS on

6 June 2019
krishnan et al. the Durability of Concrete

Published by Civil Engineering Journal

Type of Study Experimental Study

Method 9 different dosages of Cement, Alccofine and GGBS in terms of

Adopted percentage were casted.

Strength Test Durability Test

Parameter • Compressive Strength Test • Acid Attack Test
Analyzed • Sulphate Attack Test
• RCPT Test
23
DISCUSSION
■ Alccofine can reduce water demand for a given workability.
(i.e. It can improve workability)
■ It can also be utilized as a high range water reducer to
improve the compressive strength or as a super workability
aid to improve flow.

Courtesy: Civil
Engineering
Journal
24
■ The minimum loss for both weight and compressive
strength is achieved by C60A10G30 mix for acid
attack test, sulphate attack test and chloride attack
test.
Strength Loss % Mass Loss %
Tests
lower than c/c lower than c/c
1. Acid Attack Test 28.76 % 4.987 %
2. Sulphate Attack Test 23.41 % 0.610 %
3. Chloride Attack Test 22.91 % 1.020 %

■ From RCPT test, the total charge passed in

C60A10G30 mix (in coulombs) is very lower than all
other mixes

25
 CRITICAL SUMMARY
■ Sea sand is incorporated as fine aggregate in the concrete.
It’s effect on concrete differs for various locations (Xiao et
al, 2017).
■ Generally, when the sea sand is used as fine aggregate,
high early strength concrete is attainable at a faster rate
than the conventional concrete, but the latter has similar
long-term strength as conventional concrete.
■ And another advantage of sea sand is that bonding is
appreciable between cement and aggregate, since mud and
clay content is less in the sea sand than river sand
(Huiguang et al, 2011).

26
 Cont…
■ Alccofine is to be incorporated in the concrete for
various percentages of 5, 10 and 15%. And when
Alccofine is replaced in place of cement, it
enhances the workability. But the strength of the
concrete is not superior to conventional concrete
(Reddy and Meena, 2018).
■ Maximum compressive strength of concrete can be
achieved by 10% alccofine Replacement (Shaheen
and Fazil, 2015).
■ And Alccofine increased the durability and reduced
the chloride diffusion. (Gautam and Sood, 2017)
■ Calcium Nitrate is added as a chemical admixture
to enhance the strength of the concrete.
27
PRELIMINARY TEST
RESULTS

28
PRELIMINARY TESTS OF
MATERIALS
MATERIALS TESTS CONDUCTED ON MATERIALS

i. Specific Gravity and Water Absorption

1. Fine Aggregate: M – Sand and Sea Sand ii. Sieve Analysis
iii. Bulk Density
i. Specific Gravity and Water Absorption
2. Coarse Aggregate ii. Sieve Analysis
iii. Bulk Density
i. Specific Gravity
3. Cement: OPC Grade – 43 ii. Consistency
iii. Initial and Final Setting Time
i. Specific Gravity
4. Alccofine (Chemical Properties – Given by the
manufacturer)

5. Chemical Admixture: Calcium Nitrate –

29
M-SAND: SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND
WATER ABSORPTION
INDICATION AND OBSERVATION
SL. NO. VARIOUS WEIGHT
UNIT VALUE

1 SATURATED SURFACE DRY WEIGHT A (Grams) 514

WEIGHT OF PYCNOMETER + SATURATED SURFACE
2 B (Grams) 1615
DRY AGGREGATE WEIGHT + WATER
3 WEIGHT OF PYCNOMETER + FULL WATER C (Grams) 1287

4 OVER DRY SAND WEIGHT D (Grams) 498

𝑫
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF M-SAND = 𝑨 − (𝑩 − 𝑪) = 2.677

𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝑨 − 𝑫)
WATER ABSORPTION OF M-SAND = 𝑫 = 3.213

30
 M-SAND: BULK DENSITY
DATA COLLECTED:
EMPTY WEIGHT OF CYLINDER (W1)
WEIGHT WITH LOOSE AGGREGATE (W2)
WEIGHT WITH TAPPED AGGREGATE (W3)
BULK DENSITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
(M-SAND)
KG
= 2.879
= 7.683
= 8.286

DIAMETER OF CYLINDER, d (m) = 0.150

HEIGHT OF CYLINDER, h (m) = 0.170
VOLUME OF CYLINDER, V (m^3) = 0.003
FORMULAE USED:
VOLUME OF CYLINDER (V) = 𝝅 ∗ 𝒓𝟐 ∗ 𝒉
𝑾𝟐 − 𝑾𝟏
BULK DENSITY OF LOOSE AGGREGATE =
𝑽
𝑾𝟑 − 𝑾𝟏
BULK DENSITY OF TAPPED AGGREGATE = 𝑽
CALCULATION:
BULK DENSITY OF LOOSE AGGREGATE (KG/m^3) = 1599.271273
BULK DENSITY OF TAPPED AGGREGATE (KG/m^3) = 1800.012442

BULK DENSITY (KG/m^3) = 1699.641858

31
 M-SAND: SIEVE ANALYSIS
WEIGHT OF PERCENTAGE OF
SIEVE CUMALATIVE PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE
SL. NO. AGGREGATE WEIGHT
SIZE OF WEIGHT RETAINED PASSING
RETAINED RETAINED

(C)=(B)-(A)
mm (D)=(C)/W % (E) % (F)=100-(E) %
GRAMS
1 4.750 4 0.399 0.399 99.601
2 2.360 122 12.164 12.562 87.438
3 1.180 292 29.113 41.675 58.325
4 600µ 207 20.638 62.313 37.687
5 300µ 209 20.837 83.151 16.849
6 150µ 85 8.475 91.625 8.375
7 BP 84
Total
Weight = 1003.0
Fineness Modulus = 7.917

 M-Sand falls under Grading zone – II. (As per IS 383 : 2016)
32
M-SAND: GRADATION CURVE
Percentage Passing

100
Percentage Passing (%)

80

60

40

20

0
0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)

33
SEA SAND: SPECIFIC GRAVITY &
WATER ABSORPTION
INDICATION AND OBSERVATION
SL. NO. VARIOUS WEIGHT
UNIT VALUE

1 SATURATED SURFACE DRY WEIGHT A (Grams) 517

WEIGHT OF PYCNOMETER + SATURATED SURFACE
2 B (Grams) 1610
DRY AGGREGATE WEIGHT + WATER
3 WEIGHT OF PYCNOMETER + FULL WATER C (Grams) 1286

4 OVER DRY SAND WEIGHT D (Grams) 499

𝑫
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SEA SAND = 𝑨 − (𝑩 − 𝑪) = 2.585

𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝑨 − 𝑫)
WATER ABSORPTION OF SEA SAND = 𝑫 = 3.607

34
 SEA SAND: BULK DENSITY
DATA COLLECTED:
EMPTY WEIGHT OF CYLINDER (W1)
WEIGHT WITH LOOSE AGGREGATE (W2)
WEIGHT WITH TAPPED AGGREGATE (W3)
BULK DENSITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
(SEA SAND)
KG
= 2.878
= 7.288
= 7.825

DIAMETER OF CYLINDER, d (m) = 0.150

HEIGHT OF CYLINDER, h (m) = 0.170
VOLUME OF CYLINDER, V (m^3) = 0.003
FORMULAE USED:
VOLUME OF CYLINDER (V) = 𝝅 ∗ 𝒓𝟐 ∗ 𝒉
𝑾𝟐 − 𝑾𝟏
BULK DENSITY OF LOOSE AGGREGATE =
𝑽
𝑾𝟑 − 𝑾𝟏
BULK DENSITY OF TAPPED AGGREGATE = 𝑽
CALCULATION:
BULK DENSITY OF LOOSE AGGREGATE (KG/m^3) = 1468.107059
BULK DENSITY OF TAPPED AGGREGATE (KG/m^3) = 1646.876559

BULK DENSITY (KG/m^3) = 1557.491809

35
 SEA SAND: SIEVE ANALYSIS
WEIGHT OF PERCENTAGE OF
SIEVE CUMALATIVE PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE
SL. NO. AGGREGATE WEIGHT
SIZE OF WEIGHT RETAINED PASSING
RETAINED RETAINED

(C)=(B)-(A)
mm (D)=(C)/W % (E) % (F)=100-(E) %
GRAMS
1 4.750 1 0.10 0.10 99.90
2 2.360 1 0.10 0.20 99.80
3 1.180 5 0.50 0.70 99.30
4 600µ 135 13.50 14.20 85.80
5 300µ 793 79.30 93.50 6.50
6 150µ 60 6.00 99.50 0.50
7 BP 5
Total
Weight = 1000.0
Fineness Modulus = 7.082

 Sea Sand falls under Grading zone – IV. (As per IS 383 : 2016)
36
SEA SAND: GRADATION CURVE
Percentage Passing

Percentage Passing (%) 100

80

60

40

20

0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)

37
M – SAND AND SEA SAND
TEST RESULTS
As per IS 2386 Part – III …

S. NO. TEST M-SAND SEA SAND

1. Specific Gravity 2.67 2.59

2. Water Absorption (%) 3.21 3.61

3. Bulk Density (𝐾𝑔Τ𝑚3 ) 1699.64 1557.49

Sieve Analysis:
4. 7.92 7.09
Fineness Modulus

38
 GRADATION CURVE OF
M-SAND AND SEA SAND
Percentage Passing
Percentage Passing
100
100

Percentage Passing (%)

80
Percentage Passing (%)

80

60
60

40
40

20
20

0
0
0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm) Sieve Size (mm)

39
COARSE AGGREGATE: SPECIFIC
GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION
INDICATION AND OBSERVATION
SL. NO. VARIOUS WEIGHT
UNIT VALUE

1 SATURATED SURFACE DRY WEIGHT A (Grams) 503

WEIGHT OF PYCNOMETER + SATURATED SURFACE
2 B (Grams) 1608
DRY AGGREGATE WEIGHT + WATER
3 WEIGHT OF PYCNOMETER + FULL WATER C (Grams) 1289

4 OVER DRY AGGREGATE WEIGHT D (Grams) 501

𝑫
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE = 𝑨 − (𝑩 − 𝑪) = 2.723

𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝑨 − 𝑫)
WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE = 𝑫 = 0.39

40
 COARSE AGGREGATE : BULK
DENSITY
BULK DENSITY OF
COARSE AGGREGATE
DATA COLLECTED: KG
EMPTY WEIGHT OF CYLINDER (W1) = 9.334
WEIGHT WITH LOOSE AGGREGATE (W2) = 29.008
WEIGHT WITH TAPPED AGGREGATE (W3) = 31.747

DIAMETER OF CYLINDER, d (m) = 0.250

HEIGHT OF CYLINDER, h (m) = 0.280
VOLUME OF CYLINDER, V (m^3) = 0.0137
FORMULAE USED:
VOLUME OF CYLINDER (V) = 𝝅 ∗ 𝒓𝟐 ∗ 𝒉
𝑾𝟐 − 𝑾𝟏
BULK DENSITY OF LOOSE AGGREGATE =
𝑽
𝑾𝟑 − 𝑾𝟏
BULK DENSITY OF TAPPED AGGREGATE = 𝑽

CALCULATION:
BULK DENSITY OF LOOSE AGGREGATE (KG/m^3) = 1431.545629
BULK DENSITY OF TAPPED AGGREGATE (KG/m^3) = 1630.844373

BULK DENSITY (KG/m^3) = 1531.195001

41
 COARSE AGGREGATE : SIEVE
ANALYSIS
WEIGHT OF PERCENTAGE OF
SIEVE CUMALATIVE PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE
SL. NO. AGGREGATE WEIGHT
SIZE OF WEIGHT RETAINED PASSING
RETAINED RETAINED

(C)=(B)-(A)
mm (D)=(C)/W % (E) % (F)=100-(E) %
KG
1 40 0 0 0 100.00
2 20 5.22 52.28 52.28 47.72
3 16 3.42 34.25 86.54 13.46
4 12.5 1.07 10.72 97.26 2.74
5 10 0.23 2.30 99.56 0.44
6 4.75 0.04 0.44 100.00 0.00

Total
Weight = 9.98
Fineness Modulus = 9.36

42
GRADATION CURVE OF
COARSE AGGREGATE
Percentage Passing
100
Percentage Passing (%)

80

60

40

20

1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm)

43
COARSE AGGREGATE TEST
RESULTS
S. NO. TEST M-SAND

1. Specific Gravity 2.72

2. Water Absorption (%) 0.39

3. Bulk Density (𝐾𝑔Τ𝑚3 ) 1531.19

4. Sieve Analysis: Fineness Modulus 9.36

44
 WORK METHODOLOGY AND
DESCRIPTION
Preparation of Casting & Testing Result & Report
Material Material Testing Specimens Generation
Literature Study and Properties Mix Design
Collection

•1. Sea sand Sea sand,

Literature and M-Sand M-Sand & Yet to be Yet to be
Collected Report for
Study CA Designed Casted and Phase 1 is
Completed 2.Cement •Specific Tested being
& chemical Gravity and
admixture Water generated.
absorption
yet to be •Bulk Density
collected •Sieve Analysis
Cement &
Alccofine
•Specific
Gravity

45
REFERENCE
1. IS383:2016 “Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete –
Specification”, Bureau of Indian Standards, 2016.
2. IS456:2000 “Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of
Practice (Fourth Revision)” , Bureau of Indian
Standards, 2000.
3. P.K. Mehta and P.J.M Monteiro, “Concrete:
Microstructure, Properties and Materials (Indian
Edition)”, Indian Concrete Institute, June 1997.
4. Santhakumar A.R., “Concrete Technology”, Oxford
University Press, New Delhi 110001, India, 2015.
5. Shetty M.S., “Concrete Technology: Theory and
Practice” , S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi
110055, India, 2010.
46
 REFERENCE
6. Balamuralikrishnan R and Saravanan J, “Effect of Alccofine
and GGBS Addition on the Durability of Concrete”, Civil
Engineering Journal, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2019.
7. Fei-Yu Liao, Chao Hou, Wei-Jie Zhang, Jie Ren,
“Experimental Investigation on Sea Sand Concrete-Filled
Stainless Stell Tubular Stub Columns”, Journal of
Construction Steel Research”, 155, (2019) 46-61.
8. Jianzhuang Xiao, Chengbing Qiang, Antonio Nanni and
Kaijian Zhang, “Use of Sea-Sand and Seawater in Concrete
Construction: Current Status and Future Opportunities”,
Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 1101-
1111.
9. Keisaburo Katano, Nobufuni Takeda, Yoshikazu Ishizeki
and Keishiro Iriya, “Properties and Application of Concrete
made with Seawater and Un-washed seasand”,
Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies.
47
REFERENCE
10. Li. Y. L., X.L. Zhao, R.K. Singh Raman, X. Yu, “Axial Compression
Tests on Seawater and Sea Sand Concrete-filled double-skin
Stainless Steel Circular Tubes.”, Engineering Structures 176,
(2018), 426-438.
11. Liao F.Y., C. Hou, W.J. Zhang and J. Ren, “Tests on Sea Sand
Concrete-Filled Stainless Steel Tubular Stub Columns”,
International Conference on Advanced in Steel-Concrete
Composite Structures (ASCCS)”, (June 2018)
12. Malvika Gautam and Hemant Sood, “Effect of Alccofine on
Strength Characteristics of Concrete of Different Grades – A
Review”, International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) (May – 2017).
13. Naishu Zhu, Fengnian Jin, Xinli Kong, Ying Xu, Jiannan Zhou, Bo
Wang, Hao Wu, “Interface and Anti-Corrosion Properties of Sea-
Sand Concrete with Fumed Silica”, Construction and Building
Materials 188 (2018) 1085-1091.

48
 REFERENCE
14. Mei-ni Su, Liang-liang Wei, Zhi-Wen Zeng, Tamon Ueda, Feng Xing
and Ji-Hua Zhu, “A Solution for Sea Sand Reinforced Concrete
Beams”, Construction and Building Materials 204 (2019) 586-
596.
15. Narender Reddy and A, Meena. T, “A Study on Compressive
Behaviour of Ternary Blended Concrete incorporating Alccofine”,
International Conference on Material Manufacturing and
Modelling, Proceedings 5 (2018) 11356-11363.
16. Qing Xu, Tao Ji, Zhengxian Yang, Yilong Ye, “Preliminary
Investigation of Artificial Reef Concrete with Sulphoaluminate
Cement, Marine Sand and Sea Water”, Construction and Building
Materials 211 (2019) 837-846.
17. Saurabh Gupta, Sanjay Sharma and Devinder Sharma, “A Review
on Alccofine: A supplementary cementitious material”,
International Journal for Modern Trends in Engineering and
Research (IJMTER), 2015.
49
REFERENCE
18. Shaik Sabiya Sulthana, O. Nagaraju, J. Guru Jawahar, “Fresh
Properties of Self Compacting Concrete using Fly Ash and
Alccofine”, Internationial Journal of Recent Technology and
Research (IJRTE), 7 (January 2019)
19. Wei Liu, Hongzhi Cui, Zhijun Dong, Feng Xing, Haochuang Zhang,
Tommy Y. Lo, “Carbonation of Concrete made with Dredged
Marine Sand and its Effect on Chloride Binding”, Construction
and Building Materials 120 (2016) 1-9.
20. Yin Huiguang, Li Yan, Lv Henglin and Gao Quan, “Durability of
sea-sand containing concrete: Effects of chloride ion
penetration”, Mining Science and Technology (China), 2011,
123-127.
21. Zhiqiang Dong, Gang Wu, Xiao-Ling Zhao, Hong Zhu, Jin-Long
Lian, “Durability Test on the Flexural Performance of Seawater
Sea-sand Concrete Beams Completely Reinforced with FRP
Bars”, Construction and Building Materials”, 192 (2018),671-
682.

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 WORK SCHEDULE
WORK` JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR

Literature
review

Material
Collection

Material
Properties
and Trial Mix

Casting of
Specimen

Testing of
Specimen

Result and
Discussion

Report
Generation

51