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SISD
1. Single processor
2. Single instruction stream
3. Data stored in single memory
4. Uni-processor
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SIMD
1. Single machine instruction
2. Controls simultaneous execution
3. Number of processing elements
4. Lockstep basis
5. Each processing element has associated data memory
6. Each instruction executed on different set of data by different processors
7. Vector and array processors
MISD
1. Sequence of data
2. Transmitted to set of processors
3. Each processor executes different instruction sequence
4. Never been implemented
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MIMD
1. Set of processors
2. Simultaneously execute different instruction sequences
3. Different sets of data
4. SMPs, clusters and NUMA systems
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Taxonomy of Parallel Processor Architectures
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MIMD - Overview
General purpose processors
Each can process all instructions necessary
Further classified by method of processor communication
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Parallel Organizations - SISD
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Parallel Organizations - MIMD Shared Memory
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Parallel Organizations - MIMD
Distributed Memory
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Symmetric Multiprocessors
A stand alone computer with the following characteristics
Two or more similar processors of comparable capacity
Processors share same memory and I/O
Processors are connected by a bus or other internal connection
Memory access time is approximately the same for each processor
All processors share access to I/O
Either through same channels or different channels giving paths to
same devices
All processors can perform the same functions (hence symmetric)
System controlled by integrated operating system
providing interaction between processors
Interaction at job, task, file and data element levels
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Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing
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SMP Advantages
1. Performance: If some work can be done in parallel
2. Availability: Since all processors can perform the same functions,
failure of a single processor does not halt the system
3. Incremental growth
User can enhance performance by adding additional
processors
4. Scaling
5. Vendors can offer range of products based on number of processors
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Block Diagram of Tightly Coupled Multiprocessor
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Organization Classification
Time shared or common bus
Multiport memory
Central control unit
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Symmetric Multiprocessor Organization
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Time Share Bus - Advantages
Simplicity
Flexibility
Reliability
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Terima Kasih
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