Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SUCCESS CRITERIA
LT: I will learn about the main glands in the endocrine
system
SC: I can explain how blood glucose levels are controlled
SC: I can compare and contrast the causes and
treatments of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
By Chris Paine
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thyroid_system.svg https://bioknowledgy.weebly.com/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%28S%29-Triiodthyronine_Structural_Formulae_V2.svg
Understandings
Statement Guidance
6.6.U1 Insulin and glucagon are secreted by β and α cells of
the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose
concentration.
6.6.U2 Thyroxin is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the
metabolic rate and help control body temperature.
6.6.U3 Leptin is secreted by cells in adipose tissue and acts on
the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite.
6.6.U4 Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland to control
circadian rhythms.
6.6.U5 A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic
gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone.
6.6.U6 Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male
genitalia and both sperm production and development
of male secondary sexual characteristics during
puberty.
6.6.U7 Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal
development of female reproductive organs and female
secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.
6.6.U8 The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and The roles of FSH, LH, estrogen and
positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and progesterone in the menstrual cycle
pituitary hormones. are expected.
Applications and Skills
Statement Guidance
6.6.A1 Causes and treatment of Type I and Type II
diabetes.
6.6.A2 Testing of leptin on patients with clinical obesity
and reasons for the failure to control the disease.
6.6.A3 Causes of jet lag and use of melatonin to
alleviate it.
6.6.A4 The use in IVF of drugs to suspend the normal
secretion of hormones, followed by the use of
artificial doses of hormones to induce
superovulation and establish a pregnancy.
6.6.A5 William Harvey’s investigation of sexual William Harvey failed to solve the mystery of
reproduction in deer. sexual reproduction because effective
microscopes were not available when he was
working, so fusion of gametes and subsequent
embryo development remained undiscovered.
6.6.S1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female
reproductive system to show names of structures
and their functions.
The Endocrine System
A stimulus is received and processed.
Hormones are secreted directly into the blood.
They are carried to the target tissues (the place of intended action).
The action of the hormone changes the condition of the tissue.
This change in monitored through feedback.
Most hormonal change results in negative feedback.
http://medmovie.com/portfolio-item/diabetes/
6.6.U1 Insulin and glucagon are secreted by β and α cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose
concentration.
6.6.U1 Insulin and glucagon are secreted by β and α cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose
concentration.
6.6.A1 Causes and treatment of Type I and Type II diabetes.
6.6.U2 Thyroxin is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature.
Thyroxin
Produced by: thyroid gland
Targets: most body cells
Effects:
• increases metabolic rate / rate of
protein synthesis
• increases heat production (e.g.
increased respiration)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:T3-3D-vdW.png
6.6.U3 Leptin is secreted by cells in adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite.
Leptin
Produced by: adipose cells (fat storage cells)
Targets: appetite control centre of the
hypothalamus (in brain)
Effects:
An increase in adipose tissue increases leptin secretions into the blood,
causing appetite inhibition and hence reduced food intake.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fatmouse.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leptin.png
6.6.A2 Testing of leptin on patients with clinical obesity and reasons for the failure to control the disease.
Clinical trials were carried out to see if the effect was similar, but trials failed:
• Most people have naturally high levels of leptin
• If linked to leptin, obesity in people is due to resistance, of the appetite control
centre, to leptin
• Very few patients in the clinical trial experienced significant weight loss
• Many patients experienced side-effects such as skin irritations
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fatmouse.jpg
6.6.U4 Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms. AND 6.6.A3 Causes of jet lag and
use of melatonin to alleviate it.
Melatonin
Produced by: pineal gland in darkness
Targets: pituitary and other glands
Effects:
synchronization of the circadian rhythms including
sleep timing and blood pressure regulation
Jet lag is a condition caused by travelling rapidly between time zones. Symptoms
often experienced are sleep disturbance, headaches, fatigue, irritability. Symptoms
usually fade after a few days.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melatonin_molecule_ball.png
http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/travelhealth/PublishingImages/sb10065516i-001_jet-lag_377x171.jpg
AGENDA
1. Female
Reproductive
System
2. Drawings
3. Male
Reproductive
System
LEARNING TARGETS AND
SUCCESS CRITERIA
LT: I will learn the roles of key hormones in the
human body
SC: I can outline the role of each of the key IB Bio
hormones
LT: I will learn the structure and roles of the female
and male reproductive systems
SC: I can sketch the male and female reproductive
systems
6.6.U5 A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone.
Sex determination
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in
diploid somatic cells (n=2).
SRY
The X chromosome is much larger than the Y.
X carries many genes in the non-homologous
region which are not present on Y.
Sex determination
In embryos the first appearance of the
gonads is essentially the same in the
two sexes. Gonads could become either
ovaries or testes.
Testosterone
The testes develop from the
embryonic gonads when the the
embryo is becoming a fetus.
http://schoolbag.info/biology/concepts/188.html
6.6.U7 Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female
secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.
http://schoolbag.info/biology/concepts/188.html
6.6.S1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their
functions.
Can you label and annotate the diagram of the female reproductive system?
6.6.S1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their
functions.
Can you label and annotate the diagram of the female reproductive system?
a. uterus
• Provides protection, nutrients and waste removal
for the developing fetus
• Muscular walls contract to aid birthing process
b. fallopian tube (oviduct)
• Connects the ovary to the uterus
• Fertilisation of the egg occurs here
c. ovary
• (meosis) eggs stored, develop and mature
• Produced estrogen and progesterone
d. endometrium (lining of the uterus)
• develops each month in readiness for the
implanation of a fertilised egg
• (site of implantation becomes the placenta)
e. cervix f. vagina
• Muscular opening/entrance to the uterus • Accepts the penis during sexual intercourse and
• Closes to protect the developing fetus and opens sperm are recevied here
to form the birth canal • With the cervix forms the birth canal
g. kidney h. ureter
i. bladder j. urethra
6.6.S1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their
functions.
Can you label and annotate the diagram of the male reproductive system?
6.6.S1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their
functions.
Can you label and annotate the diagram of the male reproductive system?
a. Vas deferens (sperm duct)
• carries sperm to the penis during ejaculation
b. Prostate gland
• Adds alkaline fluids that neutralise the vaginal
acids
c. urethra
• Delivers semen during ejaculation and urine
during excretion
d. Penis/erectile muscle
• Muscles become erect to penetrate the vagina
during sexual intercourse
• Delivers sperm to the top of the vagina
e. Seminal vesicle f. epididymis
• adds nutrients including fructose sugar for • Sperm mature here and become able to move
respiration • Sperm stored awaiting ejaculation
• Adds mucus to protect sperm
g. testis (pl. testes) h. scrotum
• Produces (millions) of sperm (every day) • Protects and holds the testes outside the body (to
• Produces testosterone maintain a lower optimum temperature for sperm
production)
LEARNING TARGETS AND
SUCCESS CRITERIA
LT: I will learn the roles of key hormones in the
human body
SC: I can explain the role of hormones in the
menstrual cycle.
LT: I will learn how hormones influence prenatal
reproductive development
SC: I can outline how IVF drugs suspend the normal
secretion of hormones
6.6.U8 The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and
pituitary hormones.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/sfeature/sf_cycle.swf
Explain the role of hormones in the regulation of the menstrual cycle (8 marks)
6.6.U8 The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and
pituitary hormones.
Explain the role of hormones in the regulation of the menstrual cycle (8 marks)
May credit marks that are clearly drawn and correctly labelled on diagrams or flow charts
Key Hormones in IB Biology can you outline their roles?
Insulin
Glucagon
Leptin
Thyroxin
Melatonin
Testosterone
FSH
LH
Estrogen
Progesterone
Key Hormones in IB Biology can you outline their roles?
Insulin Lowers blood glucose concentration – converts glucose to glycogen for storage
in the liver
Glucagon Raises blood glucose concentration – converts glycogen, in the liver, to glucose
Thyroxin Regulates the metabolic rate and helps to control body temperature
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hysterosalpingogram.jpg
Other causes of infertility:
Female:
• Ova not maturing or being released
• Abnormality in uterus prevents
implantation
• Antibodies in cervical mucus impair
sperm
Male
• Unable to achieve an erection or
normal ejaculation
Two tailed sperm,
• Low sperm count or sperm are
unable to swim abnormal with low motility
• Blocked vas deferens
http://goo.gl/XqAOk
Introduction to In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animatio
ns/content/invitrofertilization.html
Next superovulation collects multiple eggs from the woman. High doses of FSH are injected over
approximately a ten day period to stimulate the development of multiple follicles (the developing
egg and their surrounding cells). When follicles reach 15-20mm in diameter an injection of HCG is
given to start maturation process. Approximately 36 hours later, under a general anesthetic,
follicles (typically 8 – 12) are collected from the ovaries.
Prepared eggs (removed from the follicles) are combined with sperm in sterile conditions.
Successfully fertilised eggs are then incubated before implantation.
For approximately two weeks before implantation the woman takes progesterone (which maintains
the endometrium), usually in the form of a suppository, to aid implantation. This treatment is
continued until pregnancy test, and if positive, until 12 weeks of gestation.
As the natural success rate of implantation is around 40% usually two or three blastocysts (growing fertilised egg) are
implanted. As a consequence the chances of IVF treatment leading to multiple pregnancies are high.
http://hopefulmum.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/IVF.jpg
6.6.A5 William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer.
‘seed and soil’ theory of Aristotle states that the male produces a
seed which forms an egg when mixed with menstrual blood. The
egg then develops into a fetus inside the mother.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fawn_and_mother.jpg
Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus - William Harvey was hampered
in his observational research into reproduction by lack of equipment. The microscope was invented 17 years after his
death. (1.8)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fawn_and_mother.jpg
Bibliography / Acknowledgments
Jason de Nys
Bob Smullen