Chapter 2

 Process Models
Slide Set to accompany
Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
by Roger S. Pressman

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(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 1
 A Generic Process Model

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(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 2
Process Flow

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Identifying a Task Set
 A task set defines the actual work to be done to
accomplish the objectives of a software
engineering action.
 A list of the task to be accomplished
 A list of the work products to be produced
 A list of the quality assurance filters to be applied

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Process Patterns
 A process pattern
 describes a process-related problem that is
encountered during software engineering work,
 identifies the environment in which the problem has
been encountered, and
 suggests one or more proven solutions to the
problem.
 Stated in more general terms, a process
pattern provides you with a template
[Amb98]—a consistent method for describing
problem solutions within the context of the
software process.

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Process Pattern Types
 Stage patterns—defines a problem associated
with a framework activity for the process.
 Task patterns—defines a problem associated
with a software engineering action or work task
and relevant to successful software
engineering practice
 Phase patterns—define the sequence of
framework activities that occur with the
process, even when the overall flow of
activities is iterative in nature.

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Process Assessment and Improvement
 Standard CMMI Assessment Method for Process Improvement
(SCAMPI) — provides a five step process assessment model that
incorporates five phases: initiating, diagnosing, establishing, acting and
learning.
 CMM-Based Appraisal for Internal Process Improvement (CBA
IPI)—provides a diagnostic technique for assessing the relative
maturity of a software organization; uses the SEI CMM as the basis for
the assessment [Dun01]
 SPICE—The SPICE (ISO/IEC15504) standard defines a set of
requirements for software process assessment. The intent of the
standard is to assist organizations in developing an objective
evaluation of the efficacy of any defined software process. [ISO08]

 ISO 9001:2000 for Software—a generic standard that applies to any

organization that wants to improve the overall quality of the products,
systems, or services that it provides. Therefore, the standard is directly
applicable to software organizations and companies. [Ant06]

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 Prescriptive Models
 Prescriptive process models advocate an orderly
approach to software engineering
That leads to a few questions …
 If prescriptive process models strive for structure and
order, are they inappropriate for a software world that
thrives on change?
 Yet, if we reject traditional process models (and the order
they imply) and replace them with something less
structured, do we make it impossible to achieve
coordination and coherence in software work?

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 The Waterfall Model
Communicat ion
project init iat ion Planning
requirement gat hering estimating Modeling
scheduling
analysis Const ruct ion
tracking
design Deployment
code
t est delivery
support
f eedback

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The V-Model

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The Incremental Model

increment # n
Co m m u n i c a t i o n
Pla nning
M odeling
an a ly s is Co n s t ru c t i o n
de s ig n
c od e De p l o y m e n t
t es t d e l i v e ry
fe e dba c k

deliv ery of
nt h increment
increment # 2

Co m m u n i c a t i o n
Pla nning

M odeling
a n a ly s i s Co n s t ru c t i o n
d e s ig n c o de De p l o y m e n t
t es t d e l i v e ry
fe e dba c k
deliv ery of
increment # 1 2nd increment

Co m m u n i c a t i o n
Pla nning
M odeling
a n al y s is Co n s t ru c t i o n
d e s i gn c od e De p l o y m e n t
t es t d e l i v e ry deliv ery of
fe e dba c k
1st increment

project calendar t ime

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Evolutionary Models: Prototyping

Q u i ck p l an
Quick
Com m unicat ion plan
communication
Mo d e l i n g
Modeling
Q u i ck d e si g n
Quick design

Deployment
Deployment Construction
De live r y
delivery
& Fe e dback& of Const
prototype
r uct ion
feedback Construction
of
of ot
pr prototype
ot ype

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Evolutionary Models: The Spiral
planning
estimation
scheduling
risk analysis

communication

modeling
analysis
design
start

deployment
construction
delivery code
feedback test

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Evolutionary Models: Concurrent
none

Modeling act ivit y

represents the state

Under of a software engineering
activity or task
development

Await ing
changes

Under review

Under
revision

Baselined

Done

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Still Other Process Models
 Component based development—the process to
apply when reuse is a development objective
 Formal methods—emphasizes the mathematical
specification of requirements
 AOSD—provides a process and methodological
approach for defining, specifying, designing, and
constructing aspects
 Unified Process—a “use-case driven, architecture-
centric, iterative and incremental” software process
closely aligned with the Unified Modeling Language
(UML)
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The Unified Process (UP)
Elaborat ion
elaboration

Incept ion
inception

const ruct ion

Release
t ransit ion
soft ware increment

product ion

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UP Phases
UP Phases
Incept ion Elaborat ion Const ruct ion Transit ion Product ion

Workflows

Requirements

Analysis

Design

Implementation

Test

Support

Iterations #1 #2 #n-1 #n

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 UP Work Products
Incept ion phase

Elaborat ion phase

Vision document
Init ial use-case model
Init ial project glossary
Init ial business case
Init ial risk assessment .
Project plan,
phases and it erat ions.
Business model,
if necessary .
One or more prot ot y pes
I nc e pt i o
n Preliminary design model
Use-case model
Supplement ary requirement s
including non-funct ional
Analy sis model
Soft ware archit ect ure
Descript ion.
Execut able archit ect ural
prot ot y pe.
Rev ised risk list
Project plan including
it erat ion plan
adapt ed workflows
milest ones
t echnical work product s
Preliminary user manual
Const ruct ion phase
Transit ion phase
Design model
Soft ware component s
Int egrat ed soft ware Deliv ered soft ware increment
increment Bet a t est report s
Test plan and procedure General user feedback
Test cases
Support document at ion
user manuals
inst allat ion manuals
descript ion of current
increment

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Personal Software Process (PSP)
 Planning. This activity isolates requirements and develops both size and
resource estimates. In addition, a defect estimate (the number of defects
projected for the work) is made. All metrics are recorded on worksheets or
templates. Finally, development tasks are identified and a project schedule is
created.
 High-level design. External specifications for each component to be constructed
are developed and a component design is created. Prototypes are built when
uncertainty exists. All issues are recorded and tracked.
 High-level design review. Formal verification methods (Chapter 21) are applied
to uncover errors in the design. Metrics are maintained for all important tasks and
work results.
 Development. The component level design is refined and reviewed. Code is
generated, reviewed, compiled, and tested. Metrics are maintained for all
important tasks and work results.
 Postmortem. Using the measures and metrics collected (this is a substantial
amount of data that should be analyzed statistically), the effectiveness of the
process is determined. Measures and metrics should provide guidance for
modifying the process to improve its effectiveness.

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Team Software Process (TSP)
 Build self-directed teams that plan and track their work,
establish goals, and own their processes and plans.
These can be pure software teams or integrated product
teams (IPT) of three to about 20 engineers.
 Show managers how to coach and motivate their teams
and how to help them sustain peak performance.
 Accelerate software process improvement by making
CMM Level 5 behavior normal and expected.
 The Capability Maturity Model (CMM), a measure of the
effectiveness of a software process, is discussed in Chapter 30.
 Provide improvement guidance to high-maturity
organizations.
 Facilitate university teaching of industrial-grade team
skills.

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(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 20