Akshat Goyal-RA1611004010276

Raghav Tandon-RA1611004010604
The Airports Authority of India is an organisation working under the ministry of
Civil Aviation that manages all the airports in India. AAI came to existence on
1st April 1995.

1.1.1 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF AAI :

1.Control and management of the Indian air space extending beyond the
territorial limits of the country.
2.Provision of controlling, navigation and surveillance aids.
3. Design, development, operation and maintenance of passenger terminals.
4.Development and management of cargo terminals at international and
domestic airports.
5.Provision of passenger facilities and information system in passenger
terminals.
 1.1.2 SERVICES PROVIDED BY AAI

1.Air traffic services.

2.Construction and development of airports and air routes.

 1.1.3 WINGS OF AAI

CNS
ATC
Finance
P&A (Personal and admin.)
Engineering
Fire and Control
 1.5 COMMUNICATION NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE (CNS)
 Communication, Navigation and Surveillance are three main
functions (domains) which constitute the foundation of Air Traffic
Management (ATM) infrastructure.

 1.5.1 COMMUNICATION
 Communication is the process of sending, processing & receiving of
information by electrical means. In Radio communication, for the
transmission information is first converted into electrical signals then
modulated with a carrier signal of high frequency, amplified up to a
required level, converted into electromagnetic waves & radiated in
the space with the help of antenna. For reception these
electromagnetic waves are converted to electrical signals,
amplified, detected & reproduced in the original form of
information with the help of speaker. Communication is the
exchange of voice and data information between the pilot and air
traffic controllers or flight information centres.
1.5.2 NAVIGATION
It is the process of reading and controlling the movement of aircraft or vehicle
from one place to another. This element of CNS/ATM systems is meant to
provide accurate and seamless position Determination capability to aircrafts.

1.5.3 SURVEILLANCE
The surveillance systems can be divided into two main types: - Dependent
surveillance and Independent surveillance. In dependent surveillance systems,
aircraft position is determined on board and then transmitted to ATC.
Independent surveillance is a system which measures aircraft position from the
ground.
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT FREQUENCY BAND USES

NDB 200-450 KHz Locator, Homing & Enroute.

HF 3-30 MHz Ground to Ground/Air Communication.

Localizer 108-112 MHz Instrument Landing System

VOR 108-117.975 MHz Terminal, Homing & Enroute

VHF 117.975-137 MHz Ground to Air Communication

Glide Path 328-336 MHz Instrument Landing System

DME 960-1215 MHz Measurement of Distance

UHF LINK 0.3-2.7 GHz Remote control, Monitoring

RADAR 0.3-12 GHz Surveillance

Communication
VHF (Very high frequency) is the radio
frequency ranging from 30 MHz to 300 MHz.
Unlike high frequencies (HF), the ionosphere
does not usually reflect VHF radio waves
and thus transmissions are restricted to the
local area (and don't interfere with
transmissions from thousands of kilometres
away).

VHF is also less affected by atmospheric

noise and interference from electrical
equipment than lower frequencies.
2.4 MAIN COMPONENTS OF VHF COMMUNICATION
2.4.1 HMI (HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE)

•HMI is a portable device that provides

an interface between the ATC and the
different VHF transmitters.
•It also allows switching between the
different VHF frequencies and positions.
•There is a touch screen panel that
displays the all the available VHF
frequencies out of which one can be
selected for either transmission or
reception.
 2.4.2 VOICE COMMUNICATION CONTROL SYSTEM (VCCS)

VCCS which stands for Voice Communication

Control System is a switching system that connects
various ATC positions to various air-ground and
ground-ground communication systems.
VCCS controls and connects various voice
communication systems used for Air Traffic
Management such as VHF transmitters and a
receivers, telephone, intercoms etc., and other ATC
communications. It also provides an internetworked
chain & backbone for numerous interfaces acting as
an exchange for all the interfaces put together.
2.4.3 VHF TRANSMITTER
 2.4.4 FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

Typically, the width d of the folded dipole antenna is much smaller than the
length L. Because the folded dipole is "folded" back on itself, the currents can
reinforce each other instead of cancelling each other out, so the input
impedance will also depend on the impedance of a dipole antenna of length L.
2.5 VHF COMMUNICATION DONE AT AAI
HMI provides a portable interface for all the frequencies and positions.
There is a touch screen panel that displays the different VHF frequencies-one of which
can be selected for either transmission or reception.
The Air Traffic Controller (ATC) will select a particular frequency from the available VHF
range to transmit messages to a particular aircraft either in the space or on the ground.
When a particular frequency is selected on the HMI, the master card of the VCCS gets
notified which as a result will activate the transmitter card corresponding to that
particular frequency, in the VCCS.
As a result the transmitter corresponding to the desired frequency is selected.
Now, when the ATC will press the button on PTT (Press/Push To Talk) device and will
speak into the microphone, this voice signal becomes the modulating signal that will
modulate the amplitude of the selected carrier signal at the transmitter.
The modulation occurs only when the PTT is pressed.
Next this signal is amplified using suitable power amplifiers to increase the range of
transmission.
This signal is sent to the folded dipole antenna for transmission via a coaxial cable.
This folded dipole antenna converts the electrical signal into EM waves and is
transmitted into the space directed towards the intended aircraft.
Navigation
 A Navigational Aid (also known as aid to navigation, ATON, or navaid) is any
sort of marker which aids the traveler in navigation; the term is most
commonly used to refer to nautical or aviation travel. Common types of
such aids include lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, and day beacons.
 An Aid to Navigation is any device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically
intended to assist navigators in determining their position or safe course, or to
warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation.

 3.2 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR AIR NAVIGATION:

 1. Doppler VHF Omni-Directional Range (DVOR)
 1. Distance measuring equipment (DME)
 2. Instrument Landing System (ILS)
 3. Instrument landing system glide path
 4. Course Deviation Indicator
3.2.1 DOPPLER VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE
(DVOR)

DVOR is a standard International Civil Aviation

Organisation (ICAO) ground based radio
navigational aid that provides bearing
information to aircraft to define air traffic control
routes for en-route, terminal and instrument
approach/departure procedures. DVOR when
collocated with DME (Distance Measuring
Instrument) provides both the angle and slant
distance of aircraft with respect to ground station.
3.2.2 DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)

Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a

transponder-based radio navigation technology that
measures slant range distance by timing the
propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals.
Aircraft use DME to determine their distance from a
land-based transponder by sending and receiving
pulse pairs – two pulses of fixed duration and
separation. The ground stations are typically
collocated with VORs or ILS systems. A low-power
DME can be collocated with an ILS glide slope
antenna installation where it provides an accurate
distance to touchdown function, similar to that
otherwise provided by ILS marker. The DME system
comprises a UHF transmitter/receiver in the aircraft
and a UHF receiver/transmitte ron the ground.
Instrument Landing System
ILS is a radio navigation system which provides aircraft with horizontal and
vertical guidance just before and during landing and, at certain fixed points,
indicates the distance to the reference point of landing. An instrument landing
system (ILS) enables pilots to conduct an instrument approach to landing if they
are unable to establish visual contact with the runway. An instrument landing
system operates as a ground-based instrument approach system that provides
precision lateral and vertical guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a
runway.
It comprises of two components- localizer and glide path.

LOCALIZER
A localizer is an antenna array normally located beyond the approach end of the
runway and generally consists of several pairs of directional antennas. The
localizer allows the aircraft to turn and match the aircraft with the runway.
 ILS At Delhi Airport

Runway Length Width ILS Systems

Number Installed

29/11 4,430 m (14,530 60 m (200 ft) CAT III-B / CAT III-B

ft)

28/10 3,810 m (12,500 46 m (151 ft) CAT III-B / CAT I

ft)

27/09 2,813 m (9,229 ft) 45 m (148 ft) CAT I / CAT I

 3.2.4 INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM GLIDE PATH

GLIDE SLOPE OF ILS (G/S)

The pilot controls the aircraft so that the glide slope indicator
remains centered on the display to ensure the aircraft is
following the glide path of approximately 3° above horizontal
(ground level) to remain above obstructions and reach the
runway at the proper touchdown point (i.e., it provides vertical
guidance).

GLIDING ANGLE
The angle between the plane of the horizon and the path of a
glider or airplane; especially: the least angle at which a glider
or airplane will glide to earth in still air. The safe Glide Angle as
suggested by ICAO should be between 2 to 4 degree.
RADAR:
 RADAR is an acronym coined by the US Navy from the words Radio Detection
and Ranging.

 Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the

range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect the targets mainly
aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations,
and terrain.

4.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE

 A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the
radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often
the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and
processor to determine properties of the objects.Radar operates by radiating
energy into space and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object, or
target.The reflected energy that is returned to the radar not only indicates the
presence of a target, but by comparing the received echo signal with the signal
that was transmitted, its location can be determined along with other target-
related information. It can operate in darkness, haze, fog, rain, and snow.
4.3.1 S – BAND RADAR

S-Band Radar operates on the wavelength of 8-15cm and a frequency of 2-4GHz.Because of

the wavelength and frequency, S-Band radars are not easily attenuated. This makes them
useful for near and far range weather observation. The National Weather Service (NWS) uses
S-BAND radars on a wavelength of just over 10 cm. The drawback to this band of radar is that
it requires a large antenna dish and a large motor to power it to make it rotate at the rate of
around 15rpm. Its detection range is 60-150 nautical miles.

4.3.2 L - BAND RADAR

L band radars operate on a wavelength of 15-20 cm and a frequency of 1-2 GHz. L band
radars are mostly used for clear air turbulence studies. They have an detection range of 220
nautical miles and rotation frequency of 5 rpm.

4.4 TYPES OF RADAR

1. Primary radar
2. Secondary radar
Block
Diagram
of RADAR
Unit

An ASR-9 airport surveillance radar antenna
4.5 PRIMARY RADAR
In Primary radars, the corporation
of targets is not required to find
the range, position and the
relative velocity of the target. The
target is said to be passive and is
limited only to reflect the radar
signals back to the radar. Most of
the radars used for the air traffic
control is the group of primary
radars. Range of primary radar is
220 NM.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMARY RADAR
1. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)
An airport surveillance radar (ASR)
is a radar system used at airports
to detect and display the
presence and position of aircraft
in the terminal area, the airspace
around airports.
2. Surface
Movement Radar
(SMR)

(SMR) is used to detect

aircraft and vehicles on
the surface of an airport. It
is used by air traffic
controllers to supplement
visual observations. It may
also be used at night time
and during low visibility to
monitor the movement of
aircraft and vehicles.
4.6 SECONDARY
RADAR

In secondary radar, the active

cooperation of targets is very
much required. Hence the role
of target is said to be active.
Range of secondary radar is 250
NM. It includes interrogator (on
ground) and transponder (in the
aircraft).
4.8 ANTENNA USED IN L-BAND RADAR UNIT OF AAI

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

The Parabolic dish antenna is the most frequently used one in radar. A dish
antenna consists of one circular parabolic reflector and a point source situated
in the focal point of the reflector.The point source is called ‘Primary Feed’ or
‘feed’.

The parabolic reflector is constructed of metal, usually a frame covered by

metal mesh at the inner side.
The width of the slots of the metal mesh has to be less than λ/10. This metal
covering forms the reflector acting as a mirror for the radar energy. For this type
of reflector, all reflected rays will be parallel to the axis of the parabola which
gives us ideally one single reflected ray parallel to the main axis with no side
lobes.The field leaves this feed horn with a spherical wave front. As each part of
the wave front reaches the reflecting surface, it is shifted 180 degrees in phase
and sent outward at angles that cause all parts of the field to travel in parallel
paths.
4.10 APPLICATIONS OF RADAR IN CIVIL AVIATION

1.Air Traffic Control

Radars are used throughout the world for the purpose of controlling
a. The en-route air traffic (RSR)
b. Traffic in the vicinity of airports (TAR)
c. Ground Controlled approaches (GCA system to guide aircraft to a
safer landing
d. The microwave landing system is based on the radar technology

2. Air Navigation
a. The weather avoidance radar installed on the nose of aircrafts to guide
pilots.
b. Radar is also used for terrain avoidance and terrain following.
Keeping
Track Of
Airplanes
In The Air