“

Apolinario Mabini
• Also known as “The brains of the Revolution”
and “The Sublime Paralytic”
• Born on July 23, 1864, in Tanauan, Batangas,
and died 1903 due to Cholera.
• In 1898,during Philippine Revolution he became
Aguinaldo’s chief adviser, a Prime Minister and
Secretary of Foreign Affairs in Aguinaldo’s
Cabinet from January to May 1899
• Lawyer, member of the La Liga Filipina and
one of the compromisarios
• He suffered a paralytic stroke and almost 9
months in the prisoner’s section of the San Juan
de Dios hospital in Manila
 Chapter VIII
“THE FIRST STAGE OF THE REVOLUTION”
• The Philippine Revolution began in August
1896, when the Spanish authorities
discovered the Katipunan, an anti-colonial
secret organization.
• The head of the printing press of the Diario
de Manila, having discovered that some of
his employees belonged to a secret society
handed them over to the constabulary, not
only the Katipunan but also the Liga and the
Cuerpo de Compromisarios were arrested.
• The fate of the captured was cruel and
horrible.
 “KKK”
• In full, (Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan "Supreme and
Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation") in
Manila on July 7, 1892.
• The organization, advocating independence through
armed revolt against Spain, was influenced by the
rituals and organization of Freemasonry; Bonifacio and
other leading members were also Freemasons.
 The “Katipunan”
• led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a
liberationist movement whose goal
was independence from the 333
years of colonial control from Spain
through armed revolt.
• The organization began to influence much
of the Philippines.
• The Katipunan grew rapidly because of the
insolent and provocative way in which the
friars carried out their campaign (against
reform) had exasperated the masses.
The Reformist and the Reform
Movement
 “La Solidaridad”
• In Madrid, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano
Ponce, Eduardo Leyte, and Antonio Luna
founded La Solidaridad, a newspaper that
pressed for reforms in the Philippines and
spread ideas of revolution. This effort is
known as the Propaganda Movement.
• When José Rizal decided to return to the
Philippines, where he founded La Liga
Filipina, the Manila chapter of the Propaganda
Movement. Only for several months after its
founding, Rizal was arrested by colonial
authorities and deported to Dapitan, and the
Liga was soon disbanded.
Jose Rizal
• Rizal was shot on the 30th December 1896 as
the principal instigator of the movement,
and those really guilty of giving cause for
the Filipinos to hate Spaniard were praised
for their patrotism.
• Such cruelties do no less than arouse
general indignation, and rather than suffer
them, the rebels preferred to die fighting
even though armed only with bolos.
• The Katipunero had
managed to escape the
persecution in time, and
only those who were not,
were executed. Lucky for
those who suffered only
imprisonment and
deportation.
• Bonifacio called for an
attack on the capital city of
Manila. This attack failed;
however, the surrounding
provinces began to revolt.
• The movement had more
success in Cavite.
• With the handful of arms thus captured,
the citizens of Noveleta, under the
command of Don Artemio Ricarte, threw
back the forces of General Blanco on the
9th November 1896,
• While those of Kawit, under the orders of
Don Emilio Aguinaldo, the town mayor,
and of Don Candido Tirona, who died in
the encounter, were able to retake, on the
11th of the same month, the powder-
magazine of Binacayan, which had fallen to
the Spaniards a few days before.
KATIPUNAN- 2 People’s council:
• MAGDALO- in Kawit led by Don
Baldomero Aguinaldo (Kawit, Imus,
Bacoor, Perez Dasmarinas, Silang, Mendez
Nunez and Amadeo)
• The remaining town in the province of
Cavite under MAGDIWANG- in Noveleta
under the orders of Mariano Alvarez
• There were also katipuneros in Francisco
de Malabon who obeyed the latter.
Tejeros Convention- March 12, 1897
• Don Emilio Aguinaldo
was elected as
president, and Don
Mariano Trias as vice-
president.
• Bonifacio was elected
as director of the
department of the
interior, but his
qualifications were
questioned by a
Magdalo, Daniel
Tirona.
• Bonifacio felt
insulted and would
have shot Tirona if
Artemio Ricarte had
not intervened.
Invoking his
position of Supremo
of the Katipunan,
Bonifacio declared
the election void
and stomped out in
anger.
Execution of Bonifacio
• “The motive for the assassination cannot be
ascribed except to feelings and judgements
which deeply dishonour the former; in any
case, such a crime was the first victory of
personal ambition over true patriotism.”
• The tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for
the revolutionary cause, and hastened the
failure of the insurrection in Cavite.
• Quit and withdraw to the mountains of Biak-
na-Bato in Bulacan.
• On December 14 to December 15,
1897, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was
signed. Consisting of three documents, it
called for the following agenda:
• The surrender of all weapons of the
revolutionaries.
• Amnesty for those who participated in the
revolution.
• Exile for the revolutionary leadership.
• Payment by the Spanish government of
$400,000 (Mexican peso) to the
revolutionaries.
The revolution continues
• The Pact of Biak-na-Bato did not signal
an end to the revolution.
• The Filipino patriots renewed their
commitment for complete independence.
• They purchased more arms and
ammunition to ready themselves for
another siege.
 Chapter IX
Development of the Revolution
Declaration of War:
Spanish vs. American
• The annihilation of the Spanish fleet in the
Philippines by Admiral George Dewey on
the 1st May 1898 and Mr. Aguinaldo’s
return to the islands.
• When the latter, upon arrival, proclaimed
to the people the readiness of the US to
help the Filipinos regain their natural
rights.
• On April 25, Commodore George Dewey
sailed for Manila with a fleet of seven U.S.
ships.
• Upon arriving on May 1, Dewey
encountered a fleet of twelve Spanish
ships commanded by Admiral Patricio
Montojo.
• The subsequent Battle of Manila Bay only
lasted for a few hours, with all of
Montojo's fleet destroyed.
Cavite port on the 12th June 1898
• The very day on which the independence of the
Philippines was being proclaimed in the town of
Kawit.
• Mabini realized then that the American
representatives had limited themselves to
ambiguous verbal promises.
• And also the proclamation of the independence
which was being made that day was premature and
imprudent because the Americans were concealing
their true designs while we were making our
manifest.
• On account of unfortunate services of Mabini
political scandal-mongers nicknamed him
“Devil’s Advocate to the President”
Philippine–American War
• On February 4, 1899, hostilities between Filipino
and American forces began when an American
sentry patrolling between Filipino and American
lines shot a Filipino soldier.
• Aguinaldo sent a ranking member of his staff to
Ellwell Otis, the U.S. military commander, with
the message that the firing had been against his
orders.
• According to Aguinaldo, Otis replied, "The
fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim
end.“
• The Philippines declared war against the United
States on June 2, 1899, with Pedro Paterno,
President of the Congress of the First Philippine
Republic, issuing a Proclamation of War.
• Mabini proposed a scheme with Mr. Aguinaldo’s
approval reorganizing the provinces and towns
in most democratic form, another proposal for
the creation of government.
• As the First Philippine Republic was never
recognized as a sovereign state, and the United
States never formally declared war, the conflict
was not concluded by a treaty.
 Treaty of Paris
• concluded on the 10th December 1898
had vested in the Congress of the United
States but being postponed and delayed in
the senate by the stubborn opposition of
the Democrats- coup d’etat
• Treaty was ratified by the Senate on the
6th February 1899.
• The amount of $20,000,000 stipulated for
the cession of the Philippines was
appropriated by Congress on 2nd March
1899.
Constitution of the United States
• Elsewhere Senator McEnery, explaining the
administration objectives, under his proposal
the Philippines can be neither a territory nor a
state because it should not be permanently
annexed to the US.
 Chapter X
End and Fall of the
Revolution
• Antonio Luna is the commander
of the forces operating around
Manila.
• Seeing Luna slowly gain ascendancy by his bravery,
audacity, and military skill was also the beginning to
grow jealous (on the part of Aguinaldo), it were
inducing him to believe that Luna was plotting to
wrest from him the supreme authority.
 Death of Luna
• According to Mabini, Mr. Aguinaldo sent a
telegram asking Luna to see him in Cabanatuan for
an exchange of views but when Luna arrived he met
not Aguinaldo but death by treachery plotted by the
very same soldiers whom he had disarmed and
court-martialled for abadonment of their post and
disobedience to his authority.
• Colonel Francisco Roman, who accompanied Luna,
died with him