Electronic

Instrumentation and
Measurements, 3/e

David A. Bell

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 Chapter 5

Analog Electronic
Instruments

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 Introduction
• Voltmeter constructed by moving coil and
multiplier Resisters have some limitations:

• They can not measure very low resistance.

• There Impedance is too low for measuring the

high impedance circuitry.

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 Introduction

• These restriction are overcome by use of

electronic circuits.

• Offer high input resistance

• Amplify low voltages to measureable level.
• Electronic voltmeter can be analog instrument
or digital Instrument.
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Emitter-follower Voltmeters

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 Problem with Emitter follower

• The voltage drop (VBE ) introduce an error.

• As an example: When E = 5v the circuit should

read half of Full scale i.e: 0.5 but its actually
0.46

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Practical Emitter-follower Voltmeter

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Ground Terminals & Floating Power Supplies

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Ground Terminals & Floating Power Supplies

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FET-input Voltmeter

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Difference Amplifier Voltmeter

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Op-amp Voltage-follower Voltmeter

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Op-amp Amplifier Voltmeter

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Voltage to Current Converter

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 Series Ohmmeter

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 Shunt Ohmmeter

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 Linear Ohmmeter

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Op-amp Halfwave Rectifier Voltmeter

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Op-amp Halfwave Rectifier Voltmeter

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Low-level Voltmeter

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Voltage-to-Current Converter

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Voltage-to-Current Converter

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Op-amp Halfbridge Rectifier Voltmeter

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Voltmeter & Shunt

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Laboratory type Electronic Multimeter

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Frequency Response of AC Instruments

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Multimeter Probes

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Multimeter Probes

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Multimeter Probes

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Radio-frequency Probes

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