Artificial Intelligence

What is Artificial Intelligence?

• Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer

program or a machine to think and learn. It is also a
field of study which tries to make computers "smart".
John McCarthy came up with the name "artificial
intelligence" in 1955.
 AI

Weak AI
Strong AI
(Narrow AI)

a machine might hear

“good morning” and
Apple Siri start to associate that
with the coffee maker
turning on
AI

• Machine learns
• Hardware and software is expensive
• Experiments are conducted
• AI cloud – IBM, Amazon, Google AI services etc
• People are fearing AI will replace humans.
Researchers are hoping it will make workplace better
Types of AI
• Reactive machines: are basic in that they do not store 'memories' or use
past experiences to determine future actions. They simply perceive the
world and react to it. IBM's Deep Blue, which defeated chess grandmaster
Kasporov, is a reactive machine that sees the pieces on a chess board and
reacts to them
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJarxpYyoFI
• Limited memory: Limited Memory machines can retain data for a short
period of time. While they can use this data for a specific period of time,
they cannot add it to a library of their experiences. Many self-driving cars
use Limited Memory technology: they store data such as the recent speed
of nearby cars, the distance of such cars, the speed limit, and other
information that can help them navigate roads.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt015gM-ync
Types of AI
• Theory of mind: Psychology tells us that people have thoughts, emotions, memories, and mental models
that drive their behavior. Theory of Mind researchers hope to build computers that imitate our mental
models, by forming representations about the world, and about other agents and entities in it. One goal
of these researchers is to build computers that relate to humans and perceive human intelligence and
how people’s emotions are impacted by events and the environment. While plenty of computers use
models, a computer with a ‘mind’ does not yet exist.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9OHn5ZF4Uo
• Self-awareness: Self-aware machines are the stuff of science fiction, though many AI enthusiasts believe
them to be the ultimate goal of AI development. Even if a machine can operate as a person does, for
example by preserving itself, predicting its own needs and demands, and relating to others as an equal,
the question of whether a machines can become truly self-aware, or ‘conscious’, is best left for
philosophers. In a neural network, deep learning enables AI to teach itself how to identify disease, win a
strategy game against the best human player in the world, or write a pop song. ... In the third season of
the AMC series "Humans," humanlike robots called Synths that have achieved self-awareness struggle
with the consequences
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jx6kg0ZfhAI
Self awarness
• The final step of AI development is to build systems that can form representations
about themselves. Ultimately, we AI researchers will have to not only understand
consciousness, but build machines that have it.
• This is, in a sense, an extension of the “theory of mind” possessed by Type III
artificial intelligences. Consciousness is also called “self-awareness” for a reason.
(“I want that item” is a very different statement from “I know I want that item.”)
Conscious beings are aware of themselves, know about their internal states, and
are able to predict feelings of others. We assume someone honking behind us in
traffic is angry or impatient, because that’s how we feel when we honk at others.
Without a theory of mind, we could not make those sorts of inferences.
• While we are probably far from creating machines that are self-aware, we should
focus our efforts toward understanding memory, learning and the ability to base
decisions on past experiences. This is an important step to understand human
intelligence on its own. And it is crucial if we want to design or evolve machines
that are more than exceptional at classifying what they see in front of them.
Examples of AI

• Automation
Automation is basically making a hardware or software
that is capable of doing things automatically — without
human intervention. ... AI is all about trying to make
machines or software mimic, and eventually supersede
human behaviour and intelligence.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSKi8HfcxEk
Examples of AI
• Machine learning:
• Machine learning is an application of artificial
intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability to
automatically learn and improve from experience
without being explicitly programmed. Machine
learning focuses on the development of computer
programs that can access data and use it learn for
themselves.
 Supervised learning
• Supervised learning as the name indicates the presence of a supervisor as a teacher. Basically supervised
learning is a learning in which we teach or train the machine using data which is well labeled that means some
data is already tagged with the correct answer. After that, the machine is provided with a new set of
examples(data) so that supervised learning algorithm analyses the training data(set of training examples) and
produces a correct outcome from labeled data.
• suppose you are given an basket filled with different kinds of fruits. Now the first step is to train the machine
with all different fruits one by one like this:
• If shape of object is rounded and depression at top having color Red then it will be labelled as –Apple.
• If shape of object is long curving cylinder having color Green-Yellow then it will be labelled as –Banana.
• Now suppose after training the data, you have given a new separate fruit say Banana from basket and asked to
identify it.

• Since the machine has already learned the things from previous data and this time have to use it wisely. It will
first classify the fruit with its shape and color and would confirm the fruit name as BANANA and put it in
Banana category. Thus the machine learns the things from training data(basket containing fruits) and then
apply the knowledge to test data(new fruit).
 Unsupervised learning
• Unsupervised learning is the training of machine using information that is neither classified
nor labeled and allowing the algorithm to act on that information without guidance. Here
the task of machine is to group unsorted information according to similarities, patterns and
differences without any prior training of data.
• Unlike supervised learning, no teacher is provided that means no training will be given to the
machine. Therefore machine is restricted to find the hidden structure in unlabeled data by
our-self.
For instance, suppose it is given an image having both dogs and cats which have not seen
ever.

• Thus the machine has no idea about the features of dogs and cat so we can’t categorize it in
dogs and cats. But it can categorize them according to their similarities, patterns, and
differences i.e., we can easily categorize the above picture into two parts. First first may
contain all pics having dogs in it and second part may contain all pics having cats in it.
Reinforcement learning
• Data sets aren't labeled but, after performing an action or several actions,
the AI system is given feedback
• The problem is as follows: We have an agent and a reward, with many
hurdles in between. The agent is supposed to find the best possible path
to reach the reward. The following problem explains the problem more
easily.
• The above image shows robot, diamond and fire. The goal of the robot is
to get the reward that is the diamond and avoid the hurdles that is fire.
The robot learns by trying all the possible paths and then choosing the
path which gives him the reward with the least hurdles. Each right step will
give the robot a reward and each wrong step will subtract the reward of
the robot. The total reward will be calculated when it reaches the final
reward that is the diamond.
 Machine vision:
• The term machine vision is often associated with industrial applications of a computer's
ability to see, while the term computer vision is often used to describe any type of
technology in which a computer is tasked with digitizing an image, processing the data it
contains and taking some kind of action.
• Machine vision is used in various industrial and medical applications. Examples include:
– Electronic component analysis
– Signature identification
– Optical character recognition
– Handwriting recognition
– Object recognition
– Pattern recognition
– Materials inspection
– Currency inspection
– Medical image analysis
Natural language processing (NLP)
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating
with an intelligent systems using a natural language such as English.
• Processing of Natural Language is required when you want an intelligent
system like robot to perform as per your instructions, when you want to
hear decision from a dialogue based clinical expert system, etc.
• The field of NLP involves making computers to perform useful tasks with
the natural languages humans use. The input and output of an NLP system
can be −
– Speech
– Written Text
Robotics
• Robotics is a branch of AI, which is composed of Electrical
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science
for designing, construction, and application of robots.
• Aspects of Robotics
• The robots have mechanical construction, form, or shape
designed to accomplish a particular task.
• They have electrical components which power and control
the machinery.
• They contain some level of computer program that
determines what, when and how a robot does something.
Difference in Robot System and Other AI
Program
AI Programs
They usually operate in
computer-stimulated worlds.
The input to an AI program is
in symbols and rules.
They need general purpose
computers to operate on.
Robots
They operate in real physical
world
Inputs to robots is analog
signal in the form of speech
waveform or images
They need special hardware
with sensors and effectors.
Self-driving cars:

• These use a combination of computer vision, image

recognition and deep learning to build automated
skill at piloting a vehicle while staying in a given lane
and avoiding unexpected obstructions, such as
pedestrians.
Remaining from the worksheet