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Hormones
Lecture map
Hormones:
- general biochemistry
- endocrine organs and effects
- anterior pituitary
- hypothalamus
- posterior pituitary
- adrenal cortex
- adrenal medulla
Lecture map
Next:
-endocrine organs and effects
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- pancreas
- pineal
- thymus
- placenta, gonads
- adipose, skin, kidneys, heart, GI tract
- autocrine system
- endocrine signal transduction
HORMONES
Hormones
Secretion
hormone
receptor
Target cell
Hormone types
Polar:
Most hormones.
Bind to receptor protein on pm.
Lipophilic (nonpolar):
Cross pm, act inside target cells.
Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones.
Can take orally, as pills.
Hormone types
Hormones:
Often amino acid derivatives or peptides.
Half-life:
Is general term for time required for the [molecule] to
be reduced to half of reference level.
This lecture: blood [hormone].
Way to quantify permanence of hormone.
Minutes to hours, even days.
Regulation of receptor
Upregulation:
High or constant hormone levels can lead to
more receptor proteins on target cells
(usually through gene expression) and a
greater response by the target cell.
Regulation of receptor
Downregulation (desensitization):
Prolonged, continuous exposure to high [hormone]
can lead to diminished response (to same amount
of hormone).
One way: decrease in number of receptors on target
cells.
Through endocytosis, lysosomes, protein degradation.
Hormone regulation:
Prohormone/prehormone: precursor
molecule, usually inactive and can be
modified (often cut) to become active.
Preprohormone: precursor to
prohormone!
Hormone effects
In diencephalon.
Anterior lobe.
Posterior lobe.
Anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Trophic effects:
High blood [hormone] causes target organ to
hypertrophy.
Low blood [hormone] causes target organ to atrophy.
Anterior pituitary
Gonadotrophic hormones:
FSH -> ovarian follicles, sperm cells
LH -> ovulation; testosterone
Anterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
GHRH increases GH
Somatostatin inhibits GH
GH:
- “fountain of youth?!?”
- secreted mostly in adolescence
- too much: gigantism, acromegaly
- too little: pituitary dwarfism
- stimulates uptake of amino acids into cells
Hormones
Note:
stress -> CRH -> ACTH -> glucocorticoids
Posterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Stores and releases 2 hormones that are
produced in the hypothalamus:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin:
- stimulates contractions of the uterus
during parturition.
- stimulates contractions of the mammary
gland alveoli for milk-ejection reflex.
- bonding with baby?!
- orgasm?
Posterior Pituitary
ADRENAL GLANDS
Adrenal Glands
Paired
organs that
cap the
kidneys.
Each: outer
cortex and
inner
medulla.
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal cortex:
- stimulated by ACTH.
- secretes corticosteroids
- different regions secrete different hormones.
- all made from cholesterol.
Adrenal Cortex
Corticosteroids include:
- mineralocorticoids:
- glucocorticoids
- gonadocorticoids
Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids:
- aldosterone
- targets kidneys
- affects Na+ and K+ balance
- stimulates transcription of Na+/K+ ATPase pump!
- more aldosterone -> more Na+, water in body
- stress -> CRH -> ACTH -> aldosterone -> retain
fluid -> high blood pressure!
Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids (gc)
- cortisol (aka hydrocortisone)
- metabolism, more glucose in blood
- stress -> large increase in gc
- pharmacologically: suppress inflammation, asthma,
rheumatoid arthitis
Adrenal Cortex
Gonadocorticoids:
- aka sex steroids
- include DHEA (precursor for estrogen, testosterone)
- not well understood
http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/dhea.html
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal medulla:
Derived from embryonic neural crest
ectoderm (same tissue that produces the
sympathetic ganglia).
Controlled by preganglionic sympathetic
innervation
(is like a postganglionic neuron!)
Adrenaline:
part of sympathetic response to a threat!
“fight or flight”
Also, fear, sex
Also: tend and befriend
Sympathetic response:
Adrenaline:
Chronic stress:
Chronic activation of sympathetic response.
Harder to turn off the sympathetic response,
Cardiovascular damage, attentuated immune
defenses…
Parasympathetic response:
Turn on by
- deep breaths…
- “count to ten!” or do a math problem…
- meditate, yoga…