PART - II – PRIMARY RADARS

• PULSE RADAR
• DOPPLER EFFECT
• CONTINUOUS WAVE RADAR
• FMCW RADAR
• RADIO / RADAR ALTIMETER
• MOVING TARGET INDICATOR RADAR
• TRACKING RADAR
• WEATHER RADAR

PART - III – SECONDARY RADARS

• INDENTIFICATION FRIEND & FOE (IFF)

• TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (TCAS)
• ADS - B
TRAFFIC AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE
SYSTEM (TCAS)

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

• HISTORICAL BACK GROUND

• INTRODUCTION
• TCAS CONCEPT & ARCHITECTURE
• PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• HOW FAIL SAFE IT IS ?

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
MAJOR MID AIR COLLISIONS OF AIRCRAFT

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
MID - AIR COLLISION IN IAF
• IAF HAVE HAD TWO SETS OF MID AIR COLLISIONS – IN 1990 & 1998 IN
JAGUAR FLEET

• SIX JAGUAR AIRCRAFT INVOLVED IN 4 VS 2 EXERCISE.

• IN FIRST CASE TWO AIRCRAFT COLLIDED – FIN OF ONE AIRCRAFT HIT

THE WING OF ANOTHER AIRCRAFT.

• ONE PILOT COULD RECOVER THE AIRCRAFT, HOWEVER, SECOND ONE

EJECTED. 5
 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
MID - AIR COLLISION IN IAF

• IN SECOND CASE AGAIN TWO AC WERE INVOLVED. BOTH AC SUSTAINED

DAMAGE, AGAIN ONE EJECTED AND ONE LANDED SAFELY.

• IN BOTH THE ACCIDENTS, PILOTS HAD TRANSMITTED THEIR LOCATION

INCORRECTLY.

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
WHAT IS TCAS ?
• A ‘TRAFFIC AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM’ OR ‘TRAFFIC ALERT
AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM’ (BOTH ABBREVIATED AS TCAS) IS
AN AIRCRAFT COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM DESIGNED TO REDUCE THE
INCIDENCE OF MID - AIR COLLISIONS BETWEEN AIRCRAFT.

• IT IS MANDATED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

(ICAO) TO BE FITTED TO ALL AIRCRAFT WITH A MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF MASS
(MTOM) OF OVER 5,700 KG OR AUTHORIZED TO CARRY MORE THAN 19
PASSENGERS.

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
WHAT IS TCAS ?
• TCAS IS BASED ON
SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR),

TRANSPONDER MONITORS THE AIRSPACE AROUND AN AIRCRAFT FOR

OTHER AIRCRAFT EQUIPPED WITH A CORRESPONDING
ACTIVE TRANSPONDER,

 INDEPENDENT OF ATC, AND

WARNS PILOTS OF THE PRESENCE OF OTHER TRANSPONDER-EQUIPPED

AIRCRAFT WHICH MAY PRESENT A THREAT OF MID-AIR COLLISION (MAC).
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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
• TCAS CREATES A “BUBBLE” OF PROTECTED AIRSPACE AROUND
AIRPLANE.
AT APPROXIMATELY 50 NM OUT, TCAS BEGINS TO “TRACK” OTHER
TRANSPONDER EQUIPPED AIRCRAFT

AT APPROXIMATELY 40 NM OUT, OTHER TRANSPONDER EQUIPPED

AIRCRAFT CAN BE DISPLAYED ON THE ACTIVE MFD

AT APPROXIMATELY, 30 NM DATA-LINK IS ESTABLISHED WITH OTHER

MODE S TRANSPONDERS TO BEGIN CONFLICT RESOLUTION
PLANNING
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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

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 TRAFFIC AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
• TCAS TECHNOLOGY -
TCAS I - IS ABLE TO MONITOR THE TRAFFIC SITUATION AROUND AN
AIRCRAFT

 BEARING AND ALTITUDE OF NEARBY TRAFFIC.

 CAN ALSO GENERATE COLLISION WARNINGS KNOWN AS A

"TRAFFIC ADVISORY" (TA).

WHEN A TA IS ISSUED, THE PILOT IS NOTIFIED OF THE THREAT, BUT

MUST DETERMINE THE NECESSARY COLLISION AVOIDANCE
PROCEDURE. 13
TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

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 TRAFFIC AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
• TCAS TECHNOLOGY -

 TCAS II - PROVIDES THE PILOT WITH SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS ON

HOW TO AVOID THE CONFLICT WITH TRAFFIC.

THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE KNOWN AS A "RESOLUTION ADVISORY"

(RA) AND INSTRUCTS THE PILOT TO DESCEND, CLIMB, OR ADJUST
VERTICAL SPEED.

 ARE ALSO ABLE TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER TO ENSURE

THAT THE RA PROVIDED TO EACH AIRCRAFT MAXIMIZES SEPARATION.

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TCAS CONCEPT

• TCAS USES ON-BOARD SURVEILLANCE TO DETECT TRANSPONDER EQUIPPED

TRAFFIC & PROVIDES:
TRAFFIC DISPLAY AND TRAFFIC ALERTS FOR SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF
CLOSE AIRCRAFT
RESOLUTION ADVISORIES (RAs) - VERTICAL GUIDANCE. 16
 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TCAS CONCEPT
• ALERTS ARE BASED ON
 CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH (CPA) AND
 MISS DISTANCE LESS THAN:
 600 TO 800 FT (VERTICAL MISS DISTANCE)
 0.2 NM TO 1.1NM DEPENDING ON ALTITUDE (HORIZONTAL MISS
DISTANCE)

• RESOLUTION ADVISORIES – TO MAINTAIN ADEQUATE VERTICAL DISTANCE

(300-700FT) & MINIMIZE PILOT RESPONSE / VERTICAL DEVIATIONS.

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TCAS - ARCHITECHTURE

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• TCAS CALCULATES :
 BEARING (BASED ON THE DIRECTION OF THE RECEIVED SIGNAL)

 RANGE (BASED ON THE TIME THAT THE SIGNAL WAS RECEIVED)

 TRAJECTORY AND SPEED (BASED ON INTRUDER POSITION

EVOLUTION)

 RELATIVE ALTITUDE (BASED ON THE SIGNAL RECEIVED)

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TCAS – II BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TCAS – II SYSTEM COMPONENTS
A TCAS INSTALLATION CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS:
• TCAS COMPUTER UNIT PERFORMS
AIRSPACE SURVEILLANCE,
INTRUDER TRACKING & THREAT DETECTION,
ITS OWN AIRCRAFT ALTITUDE TRACKING,
RESOLUTION ADVISORY (RA) MANOEUVRE DETERMINATION AND
SELECTION, AND GENERATION OF ADVISORIES.
• TCAS PROCESSOR USES PRESSURE ALTITUDE, RADAR ALTITUDE, AND
DISCRETE AIRCRAFT STATUS INPUTS FROM ITS OWN AIRCRAFT TO
CONTROL THE COLLISION AVOIDANCE LOGIC PARAMETERS THAT
DETERMINE THE PROTECTION VOLUME AROUND THE TCAS AIRCRAFT. 21
 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TCAS – II SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• ANTENNAS
TCAS II INCLUDE A DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA MOUNTED ON THE TOP OF
THE AIRCRAFT AND AN OMNI-DIRECTIONAL ON THE BOTTOM OF THE
AIRCRAFT.

IN ADDITION, TWO ANTENNAS ARE ALSO REQUIRED FOR THE MODE S
TRANSPONDER - ONE EACH ON TOP & BOTTOM, TO ENABLE THE
MODE S TRANSPONDER TO RECEIVE INTERROGATIONS AT 1030 MHZ
AND REPLY AT 1090 MHZ.

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TCAS – II SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• COCKPIT PRESENTATION

• TCAS INTERFACE WITH THE PILOTS IS PROVIDED BY TWO DISPLAYS:

TRAFFIC DISPLAY AND

RA DISPLAY.

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TRAFFIC DISPLAY SYMBOLOGY
STANDARDIZED SYMBOLOGY FOR USE ON THE TRAFFIC DISPLAY

• BOTH COLOUR AND SHAPES ARE INDICATED TO PILOT TO INTERPRET THE

DISPLAYED INFORMATION.

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TRAFFIC DISPLAY SYMBOLOGY
STANDARDIZED SYMBOLOGY FOR TRAFFIC DISPLAY

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
• TCAS MONITORS TRAFFIC AND CATEGORISES INTO FOUR GROUPS

 OTHER TRAFFIC

 PROXIMATE TRAFFIC

 INTRUDING TRAFFIC

 THREAT

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
OTHER TRAFFIC
• OTHER TRAFFIC INCLUDES AC WHICH ARE
BEYOND 6 NM AND 1200 FEET
DISPLAYED AS AN UNFILLED DIAMOND

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
PROXIMATE TRAFFIC
• PROXIMATE TRAFFIC INCLUDES AC WHICH ARE
WITHIN 6 NM AND 1200 FEET
DISPLAYED AS A FILLED DIAMOND

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
INTRUDING TRAFFIC

• INTRUDING TRAFFIC INDICATES THAT AN AC IS A

POTENTIAL THREAT RESULTS IN TRAFFIC ADVISORY
RESOLUTION ADVISORY MAY BE REQUIRED WITHIN NEXT 25 SECS.
MOST COMMONLY DENOTED AS YELLOW CIRCLE

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
THREAT

• RESOLUTION ADVISORY INDICATES THAT AN AC IS A

THREAT
DISPLAYED AS A RED SQUARE
ACCOMPANIED BY A RECOMMENDED VERTICAL MANOEUVRE

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
TRAFFIC DISPLAY SYMBOLOGY

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
HOW MUCH FAIL SAFE IT IS ?

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

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TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

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 TRAFFIC & COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
GENERAL GUIDELINES

• CREWS ARE AUTHORIZED TO DEVIATE FROM AN ATC CLEARANCE AND

WILL DO SO IN ORDER TO CORRECTLY RESPOND TO A RESOLUTION
ADVISORY (RA).

• THE TCAS IS THE PRIMARY MEANS OF COLLISION AVOIDANCE

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