IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

Made by:
Miss Chhaya Sahu
B.Sc. NURSING 2nd year
INTRODUCTION

 Iron deficiency Anemia is one of the more

common blood disorder ,occurs when the level
of healthy red blood cells in the body becomes
too low .This can level of health problem
because RBC’s contain haemoglobin which
carries oxygen to the body tissue . Anemia is
the common haematological disorder of
infancy and childhood is not a disease itself
but an indication or manifestation of an
underlying pathologic process.
DEFINITION

 Anemia can be defined as, the reduction in the

number of red blood cells, the quantity of
haemoglobin and the volume of packed red
cells to below normal level.
INCIDENCE AND PREVELANCE
 At menarche over the decades both in the rural and urban
situation ,not only in the upper classes but also among the
poor classes of urban and rural communities and making
adolescent girl susceptible to anaemia .
 Overall 7.27 percent of children up to the age 3 year in urban
areas and 81.2 percent in rural areas are anemic .While
analysing the data for status with anemia level of 70% Among
children it was found except from Punjab the overall
prevalence has increase from 1998-2005 followed by
Rajasthan 85% and moderate and severe anemia is seen .


CONT.......

Anemia is most common in all the group and 20-

25 % irrespective girls of the social class.
Irregular stomatitis and glossitis are more
common in poor classes that causes the poor
intake of diet.
ETIOLOGY

 Iron deficiency anemia is caused by an

inadequate supply of iron needed to synthesize
haemoglobin. Iron is a key part of haemoglobin
& the oxygen carrying protein in the blood.
Blood normally gets iron through diet and by
recycling iron from old red blood cells. Without
iron the blood cannot carry oxygen effectively.
Oxygen is needed for every cell in the body to
function normally.
 Iron deficiency anemia can be consequence of
several factors include-
o Chronic blood loss 2-4 ml per day.
o Insufficient iron in the diet .
o poor or impaired absorption of iron by the
body.
o Periods of rapid growth.
RISK FACTOR

 Diet low in iron, vitamin, minerals.

 Inability to absorb iron caused by intestinal
disorder such as cron's disease, celiac disease
or gastric bypass surgery .
 Blood loss during surgery or injury ,excessive
blood draws heavy menstrual periods.
 Chronic disease such as kidney disease, gastric
colitis, rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid disease
and heart failure.
CONT......

 Adult 65 years of age and older .

 Pregnancy in early age .

 Infant under 2 years old.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 Decrease physical performance.
 Neurological disorder.
 Anorexia .
 Abnormal cognitive develop.
 Growth abnormalities often occur.
 Epithelia dysfunction .
 Reduce gastric acidity .
 Paleness of nails.
 Giddiness .
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUTION

 Blood smear examination.

 Iron test.

 Haemoglobin electrophoresis.

 Bone marrow aspiration .

 Reticulocyte count.
CONT......
 Blood Smear Examination:
Blood is smeared on a glass slide for
microscopic examination of RBCs which can sometimes
indicate the cause of anemia .
 Iron Test:
These include total serum iron and ferritin tests,
which can help to determine whether anemia is due to iron
deficiency.
 Haemoglobin electrophoresis:
Used to identify various abnormal
haemoglobin in the blood and to diagnose sickle cell anemia
, thalasemia and other inherited forms of anemia.
CONT......
 Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy:
This test can help determine
where cell production is happening normally in
the bone marrow . Its the only way to
diagnostic aplastic anemia definitively and is
also used if a disease affecting the bone
marrow (such as leukemia ) is a suspected
cause of the anemia.
 Reticulocyte count:
A measure of young RBCs this help to
determine if production of red blood cells is at
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
 If chid does have iron deficiency anemia , the
doctor may prescribe medication as drops (for
infant )or as a liquid or tablet ex. Iron sucrose (for
elder children) ,and also may recommend adding
certain iron –rich food to child’s diet .
 If teenage girl is anemic and has heavy or irregular
menstrual periods ,in some cases her doctor may
prescribe a birth control pill to help regulate the
bleeding .
 Folic acid and vitamin B12 supplements may be
prescribe if the anemia is traced to deficiency of
these nutrients , although this is rare in children .
 Anemia caused by an infection will usually improved when the
infection process or if treated .
 Transfusion of normal red blood cells taken from a donor .
 Iron therapy can be administered in oral route IM & IV (iron
sucrose).
 Medication that stimulate the bone marrow to make more
blood cells ex. Sargramostim ,Figramostim & Epoetin alfa .
 Chronic blood loss should be diagnosed and treated adequately
.
 Improvement of dietary intake specially Iron , vitamin B12 and
protein containing food .
NURSING MANAGEMENT
 Nursing management of a chid with nutrition anemia should
provide , diet( vit.B12) containing iron rich food .
 Check dietary intake .
 Prepare the child and parents for tests diagnostic procedure
and blood transfusion.
 Observe child for physical sign like- fatigue , respiratory
difficulty , edema , jaundice , sweating .
 Record the vital sign of the child .
 Elevated the head end of the bed and provide oxygen .if the
child is in congestive heart failure.
 Encourage parent to remain with child to minimize the stress .
 Managing fatigue.
 Maintaining adequate nutrition .
 monitoring and imaging potential complication
.
 Preventive education is important because iron
deficiency anemia is common in menstruating
and pregnant women .
 Nurses must also monitor for the effects of
therapy, particularly for hypersensitivity
reaction while administration .
 Patient are educate about the disease and
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Fatigue related to inadequate oxygenation of blood evidenced
by increased pulse & blood pressure.
Intervention :- Assist patient with regular physical activities
Promote patient to self care
Assist the patient for energy conservative technique
 Imbalanced nutritional level less than body requirement related
to anorexia
Intervention :- monitor intake of nutritional content
encourage patient to increase intake of protein ,iron & vitamin
C for more haemoglobin production.
provide appropriate info. About nutritional needs.
CONT.........
 Ineffective self health management related to lack
of knowledge about appropriate nutrition

Intervention :- Facilitate patient to change the eating

behaviour.
Discuss nutritional requirements &
recommended diet
Provide consultation with Dietician.
 Disturbed sleep pattern related to body ache.
Decreased bowel movement related to decreased
fluid intake.
COMPLICATION
PROGNOSIS

 Most children treated with blood transfusion and

early iron therapy survive well into adulthood .The
most common cause of death is iron induce heart
disease and malignancy .
 Patient with anemia are usually diagnosed in
childhood , because they become anemic in
infancy and being to rare sickle cell crisis at 1-2
years age some children die in the first years of life
.
 However with current management strategies, the
average life expectancy is still at 42-48 years . In
THANK YOU