UNIT CONTENTS

Internet
Introduction, History, Internet, Intranet and Extranet, Client
server architecture, address
mechanism, Various Internet services, e-mail.
Networking
Concepts, Components, Types, Topologies, Transmission
technologies
INTRODUCTION
• The internet links computers network all over the world so that user can share the
resources and communicate with each other.
• It is meta network , Network of networks that spans globally
INTERNET
• An Internet is network of networks that consist of millions of smaller domestic,
business , public , private ,academic , government network which together carries
information and services.
• It is global system of inter connected computer network that use standard
internet protocol
INTRANET
• An Intranet is a computer network that IP technology to share data and
information with in organization
• Sometime the intranet refer only to the organization’s internal structure.
EXTRANET
• An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from outside for
specific business purpose
• An extranet extends intranet company’s network beyond its boundary.
• An extranet can be viewed as extension of the organization’s intranet that allows
customer ,supplier and business partner to access the intranet.
• It requires network security that can be provided by firewalls , encryption of
message and virtual private network
USES OF INTERNET IN VARIOUS FIELDS
1. For business : Advertising , online transaction , making payment, Internet
banking
2. For training and information : Unlimited resources for studies and research
3. For Communication : E-mail, Social network, chat facility
4. For entertainment : Music ,movies, games, arts,hobbies related blogs
5. 5.Shopping : clothing , groceries ,gadgets ,insurance services
WEB BROWSER
A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact
with text, image,video,music and other information located on a webpage on
website
Web browser allows to easily access information provided on websites
• Client: the clients are those which make request to the server.
• The client is simply a personal computer that users on a network do
their work on, performing activities such as word processing, database
design, graphic design, and email and other office or personal tasks.
• Server: the servers are those which provide response to the clients.

Request

Response
Client Server
The clients server architecture can be categorized in different forms.

i. Two tier client server Architecture

ii. Three tier client server Architecture

iii. N- Tier client server Architecture

I. TWO TIER CLIENT SERVER

A two tier client server means that a client software is

installed on several computers and the client component
will have the communication with the server.

A database is usually involved in this type network.

It has a centralized database and client exchange data with

server.
II THREE TIER CLIENT SERVER
• Suppose that you have a database living on a Unix server
and you want to get it with your windows client.
• A third node called middle way server is introduced which
help to translate the request.
• The user makes a request to middle way server which in
turn pass the request to Unix server and then request is
sent back to user from Unix server to windows client.
III N-TIER CLIENT SERVER
N-Tier client server has much more complicated level than standard 2 tier and 3 tier client
server system.
N-tier network have database liying on either Unix server or database server.
You can have a system that goes many level deep that’s why it is called as N-tier client server
network.
2. ADDRESS MECHANISM
2.1 IP Address
• A device on the network needs an IP address to communicate with
other devices.
• IP address is unique 4 byte decimal number or 32 bit binary
number which is assigned to each drive on a network.
• IP address is same as telephone number which is unique.
• A unique address mostly used by computer to communicate over a
network that uses IP as its basic protocol.
• IP address is a unique number assigned any device on network.
E.g., Computer, printer and internet fax machine.
• Each part of an IP address start from 0 to 255. An IP address
consists of two things.
I. Network Address
II. Host Address
I Network address:

• N/W address contains the first byte and it is used to identify the n/w in which computer
is available.

II Host address:

• The host address identify the actual computer on the n/w.

• An IP address granted to computer is divided in to two category.

a) Dynamic IP address

b) Static IP address
a) Dynamic IP address

• Dynamic IP address are assigned to the devices that require temporary connectivity to the
n/w . Ex. Portable computer.

• The most common protocol used for assigning dynamic IP address is DHCP (dynamic host
configuration protocol)

• The DHCP grants IP address to a computer for temporary period .

b) Static IP address:
• Static IP address are assigned to the device on the n/w
whose existence in the n/w remains for a longer duration.
• The static IP address are semi permanent IP address which
remain allocated to a specific device for longer time. E.g.,
server
• IP address can be classified as

First byte
Class A 0-127
Class B 128-191
Class C 192-223
Class D 224-239
Class E 240-255
 E-MAIL
E-mail is short for electronic mail, mail you can send or receive directly on your
computer. Yes, with e-mail people can actually write you letters and send them to
your computer, and you can turn on your computer and go pick up your mail
whenever it's convenient.
MAIL ADDRESS

Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is
known as E-mail address. Different users can send and receive messages
according to the e-mail address.
E-mail is generally of the form username@domainname. For example,
webmaster@tutorialspoint.com is an e-mail address where webmaster is
username and tutorialspoint.com is domain name.
E-MAIL HEADER

The first five lines of an E-mail message is called E-mail header. The header part
comprises of following fields:
From
Date
To
Subject
CC
BCC
From
The From field indicates the sender’s address i.e. who sent the e-mail.
Date
The Date field indicates the date when the e-mail was sent.
To
The To field indicates the recipient’s address i.e. to whom the e-mail is sent.
Subject
The Subject field indicates the purpose of e-mail. It should be precise and to the
point.
CC
CC stands for Carbon copy. It includes those recipient addresses whom we want to
keep informed but not exactly the intended recipient.
BCC
BCC stands for Black Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or more of the
recipients to know that someone else was copied on the message.
COMPONENTS OF NETWORK
1. Minimum of two computer required :
Two computers required minimum server and client
(a) Client Computer : When any computer is connected to network it becomes node
computer or work station.
(b) Server Computer : Server computer is main computer , through which all
computer are directly connected
COMPONENT OF NETWORK
1. Client-Server
2. Cable
3. NIC ( Network Interface Card)
4. HUB/Switch
5. NOS ( Network operating System)
1. SERVER
Server computer runs NOS ( Network Operating System ) which is used to manage all
networking operations
Task of Server :
1. Server that serves file on network is called file server
2. Server that provides printer for user is called print server
TWO TYPES OF SERVER
(A) Dedicated Server : A server can be called dedicated if it allows access only the
server but can not allow access to other computer
(B) Non Dedicated Server : It allows access to server and other computer networks
2.CABLE
Two types of most popular cables are :
1.Twister pair cable
2.Thin co-axial cable
3.NIC(NETWORK INTERFACE CARD)
It is known as network card
It connects computers to the cable which in turns connects all computer on network.
Each computer on network must have NIC
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
HUB/ SWITCH
HUB-SWITCH
HUB - SWITCH
• HUB connects number of computer to one another and allows to
communicate with each other
• HUB sometimes is referred as connector which allows the transfer of
data packets
• A Switch is popular device that is used to connect LAN
• The modern switch can also function as router and allows multiple LAN
to be connected.
NOS(NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM)
NOS is required for server computer on Network
For Example : Windows Server 2000
-Novel netware
Client operating system is required for client computers
-Windows XP
-Windows 7 & 8
TYPES OF NETWORK
1. LAN – Local area network
2. MAN – Metropolitan area network
3. WAN – Wide area network
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• LAN can be designed with expensive Ethernet cable.
• Special Operating system can be used to configure LAN
• Example : Microsoft Windows provides a software package called ICS ( Internet
Connection Sharing ) that supports controlled access to LAN
MAN ( METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)
• Man is the network that inter connects the computer resources in a geographical
area that is larger than LAN and smaller than WAN.
• It connects all computers which range from 10 m to 10km
WAN ( WIDE AREA NETWORK)
• WAN is a network that connects the network devices of MAN and other local area
network devices.
• It can connect all the computers and devices which range from 10 KM to 100 KM
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Definition : It refers to physical location of an organization and how cable is run
between all devices
The way in which all network computers , cables and other devices are connected is
called as Topology of network
TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES
1. Bus Topology
2. Star Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Mesh Topology
5. Tree Topology
1.BUS TOPOLOGY
• Common backbone cable to connect all devices called thin co-axial cable
• When any computer want to communicate it broadcasts the message on wire that
all other computers can listen
• It has terminator at each end of cable
2.STAR TOPOLOGY
STAR
• Each work station and server are connected to central HUB/Switch that provides
connection to all other network devices
• Data passes through central HUB/Switch before it reaches to destination
computer
3.RING TOPOLOGY
3.RING TOPOLOGY
• The ring topology connects all the computers on the network in loop , running
double cable between each computer in order to maintain the network integrity
• The Ring topology has one path for transmission of data and other for receiving
data
4.MESH TOPOLOGY
• In this topology , each device has point to point connection to all other computers
in network
• Due to point to point connection , Network traffic remains only between 2
computers
• Fully connected Mesh topology has N(N-1)/2 channels to connect all devices
5.TREE TOPOLOGY
• It is variation of star topology
• Central main HUB is called Primary HUB or Active HUB.
• An Active HUB contains Repeater which is hardware device that regenerates the
received signal before sending the Data packets in the network.
• The Secondary HUB is also called as Passive HUB that provides simple
connection to all other devices in to Network.
DATA TRANSMISSION METHODS
1. Broad Casting Data transmission Method
2. Peer to Peer Data transmission Method
DATA TRANSMISSION MODE
IMP QUESTIONS/ASSIGNMENT
• Explain Various Network Topologies in Detail with Figures
• Explain Various Networking Devices in Detail.
• Explain types of networks in detail with Figures
• Define Following :
• Data Transmission Modes ,Computer Network , Any Four Components of network