Fourier Transforms of

Special Functions
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主講者：虞台文
Content
 Introduction
 More on Impulse Function
 Fourier Transform Related to Impulse Function
 Fourier Transform of Some Special Functions
 Fourier Transform vs. Fourier Series
Introduction
 Sufficient condition for the existence of a
Fourier transform


| f (t ) |dt  

 That is, f(t) is absolutely integrable.

 However, the above condition is not the
necessary one.
Some Unabsolutely Integrable Functions

 Sinusoidal Functions: cos t, sin t,…

 Unit Step Function: u(t).

 Generalized Functions:
– Impulse Function (t); and
– Impulse Train.
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions

More on
Impulse Function
Dirac Delta Function
0 t  0 
(t )  
 t  0
and 
(t )dt  1

Also called unit impulse function.

t
0
Generalized Function
 The value of delta function can also be defined
in the sense of generalized function:



(t )(t )dt  (0) (t): Test Function

 We shall never talk about the value of (t).

 Instead, we talk about the values of integrals
involving (t).
Properties of Unit Impulse Function



(t  t0 )(t )dt  (t0 )
Pf)
Write t as t + t0
 


(t  t0 )(t )dt   (t )(t  t0 )dt


 (t0 )
Properties of Unit Impulse Function

 1
 (at )(t )dt  | a | (0)
Pf) Write t as t/a
Consider a>0 Consider a<0
 

(at )(t )dt 
(at )(t )dt
1  t 1  t
  (t ) dt    (t ) dt
a  a a  a
1 1
 (0)  (0)
|a| |a|
Properties of Unit Impulse Function

f (t )(t )  f (0)(t )
Pf)  


[ f (t )(t )](t )dt   (t )[ f (t )(t )]dt


 f (0)(0)

 f (0) (t )(t )dt


  [ f (0)(t )](t )dt

Properties of Unit Impulse Function

f (t )(t )  f (0)(t ) 1
(at )  (t )
|a|
Pf)  1 1 
 (at )(t )dt  | a | (0)  | a |  (t )(t )dt
 1
 (t )(t )dt
 | a |
Properties of Unit Impulse Function

f (t )(t )  f (0)(t ) 1
(at )  (t )
|a|

t(t )  0 (t )  (t )

Generalized Derivatives
The derivative f’(t) of an arbitrary
generalized function f(t) is defined by:
 

f ' (t )(t )dt    f (t )' (t )dt


Show that this definition is consistent to the ordinary

definition for the first derivative of a continuous function.
  

f ' (t )(t )dt  f (t )(t )    f (t )' (t )dt


=0
Derivatives of the -Function
 


' (t )(t )dt    (t )' (t )dt  ' (0)


d(t ) d(t )
' (t )  , ' (0) 
dt dt t 0

  (t )(t )dt (1)  (0)
( n) n ( n)


d n
(t ) d n
(t )
 (t ) 
(n)
n
,  (0) 
(n)

dt dt n t 0
 Product Rule
[ f (t )(t )]'  f ' (t )(t )  f (t )' (t )
Pf) 
 
 [ f (t )(t )]' (t )dt   [ f (t )(t )]' (t )dt   (t )[ f (t )' (t )]dt
 

  (t ){[ f (t )(t )]' f ' (t )(t )}dt

 
  (t )[ f (t )(t )]' dt   (t )[ f (t )' (t )]dt
 
 
  ' (t )[ f (t )(t )]dt   (t )[ f (t )' (t )]dt
 

  [' (t ) f (t )  (t ) f ' (t )](t )dt

 Product Rule
f (t )' (t )  f (0)' (t )  f ' (0)(t )
Pf)

f (t )' (t )  [ f (t )(t )]' f (t )' (t )

 [ f (0)(t )]'  f ' (0)(t )

 f (0)' (t )
Unit Step Function u(t)
 
 Define  
u(t )(t )dt   (t )dt
0

u(t)
1 t  0
u (t )  
t 0 t  0
0
Derivative of the Unit Step Function

 Show that u ' (t )  (t )

 

u' (t )(t )dt   u(t )' (t )dt


  ' (t )dt
0

 [()  (0)]  (0)


  (t )(t )dt

Derivative of the Unit Step Function

u(t) (t)
Derivative

t t
0 0
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions

Fourier Transform
Related to
Impulse Function
Fourier Transform for (t)

(t ) 
1 F


F [(t )]   (t )e
 jt
 jt
dt  e 1
 t 0

F(j)
(t)
1
F
t 
0 0
Fourier Transform for (t)
1  jt
Show that (t )  
2  
e d

1  jt 1  jt
 1e d   e d
1
(t )  F [1] 
2   2  
1  j t
The integration 
2  
e d converges to (t )

in the sense of generalized function.

Fourier Transform for (t)
1 
Show that (t )   cos td
 0
1  jt 1 
(t )  
2  
e d  
2  
(cos t  j sin t )d

1  j 
 
2  
cos td  
2  
sin td
1  Converges to (t) in the sense of
  cos td generalized function.
 0
Two Identities for (t)
1  jxy
( y )  
2  
e dx

1 
( y )   cos xydx
 0
These two ordinary integrations themselves are meaningless.
They converge to (t) in the sense of generalized function.
Shifted Impulse Function
 jt 0
(t  t0 )  e F

 jt0
Use the fact F [ f (t  t0 )]  F ( j)e
(t  t0) |F(j)|

1
F
t 
0 t0 0
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions

Fourier Transform of a
Some Special Functions
Fourier Transform of a Constant

f (t )  A 
 F ( j)  A2()
F


F ( j)  F [ A]   Ae jt d


 1  j (  ) t 
 2A  e dt 
 2   
 2A()
Fourier Transform of a Constant

f (t )  A 
 F ( j)  A2()
F

F(j)

A2()
A F
t 
0 0
Fourier Transform of Exponential Wave

j 0 t
f (t )  e  F ( j)  2(  0 )
F

j0t
F [ f (t )e ]  F [ j (  0 )]

F [1]  2()
j 0 t
F [e ]  2(  0 )
 Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal Functions

cos 0t  (  0 )  (  0 )

F

sin 0t   j(  0 )  j(  0 )

F

F(j)
f(t)=cos0t
(+0) (0)
t
F

0 0 0
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

Let F [u (t )]  F ( j) F [u (t )]  F ( j)

u (t )  u (t )  1 (except for t  0)

F [u (t )  u (t )]  F [1]
F [u (t )]  F [u (t )]  2() F(j)=?
F ( j)  F ( j)  2() Can you guess it?
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

k 
Guess F ( j)  k()  B()
F ( j)  F ( j)  k()  k()  B()  B()

 2k()  B()  B()

0
B() must be odd

F ( j)  F ( j)  2()

Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

k 
Guess F ( j)  k()  B() 1
B() 
j
u ' (t )  (t ) F [u ' (t )]  F [(t )]  1

F [u (t )]  F ( j) F [u ' (t )]  jF ( j)

 j[()  B()]
 j()  jB()
0
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

k 
Guess F ( j)  k()  B() 1
B() 
j

1
u (t )  () 
F

j
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

f(t) |F(j)|

1
F
()
t 
0 0

1
u (t )  () 
F

j
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions

Fourier Transform vs.

Fourier Series
Find the FT of a Periodic Function

 Sufficient condition --- existence of FT



| f (t ) |dt  

 Any periodic function does not satisfy this

condition.
 How to find its FT (in the sense of general
function)?
 Find the FT of a Periodic Function

We can express a periodic function f(t) as:


2
f (t )  c e
n  
n
jn0t
, 0 
T

   
F ( j)  F [ f (t )]  F   cn e jn0t    cnF [e jn0t ]
n   n  
 
  c 2(  n )
n  
n 0  2  cn (  n0 )
n  
 Find the FT of a Periodic Function

We can express a periodic function f(t) as:


2
f (t )  c e
n  
n
jn0t
, 0 
T

F ( j)  2  cn (  n0 )
n  

The FT of a periodic function consists of a sequence of

equidistant impulses located at the harmonic frequencies
of the function.
Example:
Impulse Train

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T
t


T (t )   (t  nT )
n  
Find the FT of the
impulse train.
Example:
Impulse Train

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T
t

 
1
T (t )   (t  nT ) T (t )   e
Find the FT of jn0t
the
n   T n  
impulse train.
cn
 2 

Example:
F [T (t )]  
T n  
(  n0 )
Impulse Train 0

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T
t

 
1
T (t )   (t  nT ) T (t )   e
Find the FT of jn0t
the
n   T n  
impulse train.
cn
 2 

Example:
F [T (t )]  
T n  
(  n0 )
Impulse Train 0

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T
t

2/T

30 20 0 0 0 20 30


 Find Fourier Series Using
Fourier Transform

f(t)
t
T/2 T/2

1 T /2
f (t )  c e
n  
n
jn0t
cn  
T T / 2
f (t )e  jn0t

1
cn  Fo ( jn0 )
 T
Fo ( j)   f o (t )e  jt

T /2
 f (t )e  jt fo(t)
T / 2 t
T/2 T/2
 Sampling the Fourier Transform of fo(t) with period
2/T,
Find we can find
Fourier the Fourier
Series Series of f (t).
Using
Fourier Transform

f(t)
t
T/2 T/2

1 T /2
f (t )  c e
n  
n
jn0t
cn  
T T / 2
f (t )e  jn0t

1
cn  Fo ( jn0 )
 T
Fo ( j)   f o (t )e  jt

T /2
 f (t )e  jt fo(t)
T / 2 t
T/2 T/2
 Example:
The Fourier Series of a Rectangular Wave

f(t) fo(t)
1 1
d
t t
0 0

f (t )  n jn0t d /2
c e Fo ( j)   e jt dt
n   d / 2

1 2  d 
cn  Fo ( jn0 )  sin  
T   2 
2  n0 d  1  n0 d 
 sin    sin  
Tn0  2  n  2 
 
F ( j)  2  cn (  n0 )
Example: n  

The Fourier Transform of a Rectangular Wave

f(t)
1
d
t
F [f(t)]=?
0

f (t )  n
c e jn0t

n  

F ( j)   sin 
2  n0 d 
(  n0 )
1 n   n  2 
cn  Fo ( jn0 )
T
2  n0 d  1  n0 d 
 sin    sin  
Tn0  2  n  2 