HUMAN VARIATION

LESSON 1
 NATIONALITY AND ETHNICITY

NATIONALITY
It is the identity that is tied to being part of a nation or
country.
A group of people who share the same history, traditions,
and language and who inhabits a particular territory
delineated by a political border and controlled by a
government.
Nationality can be acquired by being born in a country or by
the process of legal applications called naturalization.
 ACTIVITY 1

Directions: GENDER
1. Get one whole sheet of paper.

2. Write your name inside the circle.

3. Draw figure 1 on the sheet of paper.

RELIGION NAME ETHNICITY

SOCIO ECONOMIC
CLASS

FIGURE 1
GENDER
According to World Health Organization (2013).
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles,
behaviors, activities and attributes that a given society
considers appropriate for men and women. Unlike sex
which refers to the biological characteristic of humans
such as male or female.
 Several types of gender based on a persons
orientation:
a. Heterosexual – a person with this gender is inclined to be
sexually attracted to a person of the opposite sex.
 b. Homosexual – a person is sexually attracted to a
person of the same sex.
• Gay – a male who is romantically and sexually attracted to another male.

• Lesbian – a female who is romantically and sexually attracted to another female.

c. Bisexual – are individuals who are attracted to
both sexes.
d. Asexual – are individuals who are totally incapable of being
attracted to any sex.
e. Polysexual – are individuals who are attracted to multiple
types of gender identity.
f. Pansexual – are individuals who accommodate all types of
gender.
Transgender – refer to people whose gender identity or gender
expression differs from that usually associated with their sex at
birth.
• Cross-dressing – means wearing the clothing of the opposite sex.
2 Types of transexuals:
1. Transsexual men or Female to male (FTM)
transsexual
Biological females who aspire to live and be recognized as
men.
2. Transsexual women or male to female (MTF)
transsexual
Biological males who yearn to live and be recognized as
women.
SEX REASSIGNMENT SURGERY
• The process of changing one’s biological sex to conform with
one’s gender identity.
Their status may be considered as:
a. Pre-op (pre-operative)
b. Post-op (post-operative)
 SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
The concept of socioeconomic class varies between
societies as the ideas associated with being poor or rich differ
based on the collective experiences of individuals.
Global South refers to the countries whose political and
economic indicators are within the developing category.
Global North refers to the political and economically advanced
societies in the world.
 British traditional three-class system which includes the
upper, middle and working classes.
Great Britain, revealed a new survey of seven class system:
1. Elite - This is the wealthiest and most privileged group in the
UK.
2. Established middle class -the most gregarious and the
second wealthiest of all the class groups.
3. Technical middle class - This is a small, distinctive and
prosperous new class group.
4. New affluent workers - These people are economically
secure, a well-off person.
5. Traditional working class - This group has the oldest
average age, and they're likely to own their own home.
6. Emergent service workers - - These young people have high
social and cultural capital
7. Precariat - The poorest and most deprived social group.
POLITICAL IDENTITY
As a social identity refers to the set of attitudes and practices
that an individual adheres to in relation to the political systems
and actors within his or her society.
RELIGION
 the belief in a god or in a group of gods.
Monotheistic believing in the existence of one God.
Polytheistic believing in the existence of multiple Gods.
• Early Palaeolithic art of
half-human found in
France.
EXCEPTIONALITY
refers to individual with learning and/or behavior
problems, person with physical disabilities or sensory
impairments and who are intellectually gifted or have a
special talent.
NON-EXCEPTIONALITY
Do not have disabilities
• The categories of exceptionality are:
• Behaviour.
• Communication inclu-ding Autism,
Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Language
Impairment and Learning Disability.
• Intellectual including Giftedness,
Mild Intellectual
Disability and Developmental Disability.
ETHNOCENTRISM
Is a perspective that promotes an individual’s culture as the most
efficient and superior.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Promotes the perspective that cultures must be understood in
the context of their relativity.
RACE
Was used as a form of human classification that was based on
observable human traits and characteristics.
Every culture on earth tends to impart
ethnocentrism, albeit unintentionally. Various
aspects of culture such as mythological tales,
folktales, legends, religion, songs, proverbs,
language, rituals, etc. promote the superiority of
that one culture over others. Though this is an
unintentional kind of promotion of ethnocentrism,
it instills the belief that 'my race/my culture' is
really better than the rest, in so many ways in most
of us, especially during childhood or teenage.
Cultural Relativism
This concept was developed to attempt to overcome
ethnocentric bias when conducting anthropological
studies. It also proposes that no culture has the right to
judge another culture's customs and practices and that a
culture must be understood in its own terms rather than
by the standards of a foreign culture.
All people are the same; it's
only their habits that are
different.
- Confucius