Physics 1501: Lecture 33

Today’s Agenda
 Homework #11
(due Friday Dec. 2)

 Midterm 2: graded by Dec. 2

 Topics:
Fluid dynamics
Bernouilli’s equation
Example of applications

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 1

Pascal and Archimedes’ Principles
Pascal’s Principle

Any change in the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is

transmitted to every portion of the fluid and to the walls
of the containing vessel.

Archimedes’ principle

The buoyant force is equal to the

weight of the liquid displaced.

ç Object is in equilibrium
Vliquid robject
=
Vobject r liquid
Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 2
 Ideal Fluids
 Fluid dynamics is very complicated in general (turbulence,
vortices, etc.)
 Consider the simplest case first: the Ideal Fluid
no “viscosity” - no flow resistance (no internal friction)
incompressible - density constant in space and time

 streamlines do not meet or cross streamline

 velocity vector is tangent to
streamline
 volume of fluid follows a tube of
flow bounded by streamlines
 Flow obeys continuity equation
 volume flow rate Q = A·v
is constant along flow tube: A1v1 = A2v2
 follows from mass conservation if flow is
incompressible. Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 3
 Conservation of Energy for
Ideal Fluid
l Recall the standard work-energy relation W = DK
ç Apply the principle to a section of flowing fluid with
volume dV and mass dm = r dV (here W is work done
on fluid)
W = Wgravity + Wpressure
Wgravity = -dm g( y 2 - y1 )
= - r dV g( y 2 - y1 ) dV
Wpressure = p1 A1 dx1 - p2 A2 dx2
= ( p1 - p2 ) dV
W = DK = 12 dm v 2 2 - 12 dm v12 = 12 r dV( v 2 2 - v12 )

Bernoulli Equation p1 + 12 r v12 +r gy1 = p2 + 12 r v 2 2 +r gy 2

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 4

 Lecture 33 Act 1
Bernoulli’s Principle
 A housing contractor saves v1 v1/2
some money by reducing the
size of a pipe from 1”
diameter to 1/2” diameter at
some point in your house.

What is the pressure in the 1/2” pipe relative to the 1” pipe?

a) smaller b) same c) larger

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 5

 Some applications
l Lift for airplane wing

l Enhance sport performance

l More complex phenomena: ex. turbulence

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 6

 More applications
 Vortices: ex. Hurricanes

 And much more …

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 7

 Ideal Fluid: Bernoulli Applications
l Bernoulli says: high velocities go with low pressure

l Airplane wing
ç shape leads to lower pressure on top of wing
ç faster flow lower pressure lift
» air moves downward at downstream edge wing
moves up

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 8

 Ideal Fluid: Bernoulli Applications
 Warning: the explanations in text books are generally over-
simplified!

 Curve ball (baseball), slice or topspin (golf)

ball drags air around (viscosity)
air speed near ball fast at “top” (left side)
lower pressure  force  sideways acceleration or lift

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 9

 Ideal Fluid: Bernoulli Applications

 Bernoulli says: high velocities go with low pressure

 “Atomizer”
moving air ‘sweeps’ air away from top of tube
pressure is lowered inside the tube
air pressure inside the jar drives liquid up into tube

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 10

 Example: Efflux Speed
The tank is open to the atmosphere at
the top. Find and expression for the
speed of the liquid leaving the pipe at
the bottom.

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 11

 Solution v2 » 0
P1 = P2 = Patm

P1 + 12 rv12 + rgy1 = P2 + 12 rv22 + rgy2

y2 - y1 = h
1
2 rv12 = rgh

v1 = 2gh
Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 12
 Example
Fluid dynamics
l A siphon is used to drain water C
from a tank (beside). The siphon
has a uniform diameter. Assume
steady flow without friction, and y
h=1.00 m. You want to find the O A
speed v of the outflow at the end v
of the siphon, and the maximum h
possible height y above the water
surface. B
l Use the 5 step method
ç Draw a diagram that includes all the relevant quantities for this
problem. What quantities do you need to find v and ymax ?

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 13

 Example: Solution
Fluid dynamics
l Draw a diagram that includes all the relevant quantities for this
problem. What quantities do you need to find v and ymax ?
ç Need P and v values at points O, A, B, C to find v and ymax
ç At O: P0=Patm and v0=0
ç At A: PA and vA C
ç At B: PB=Patm and v0=v
ç At C: PC and vC
y
ç For y set P =0 O A
max C
h v

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 14

 Example: Solution
Fluid dynamics
 What concepts and equations will you use to solve this problem?
We have fluid in motion: fluid dynamics
Fluid is water: incompressible fluid
We therefore use Bernouilli’s equation

Also continuity equation

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 15

 Example: Solution
Fluid dynamics C

l Solve for v and ymax in term of symbols. O A

y

ç Let us first find v=vB h v

ç We use the points O and B B

where : P0=Patm=1 atm and v0=0 and y0=0

where: PB=Patm=1 atm and vB=v and yB=-h

ç Solving for v

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 16

 C
Example: Solution
y
Fluid dynamics O A
h v
l Solve for v and ymax in term of symbols.
B
ç Incompressible fluid: Av =constant
ç A is the same throughout the pipe  vA= vB= vC = v
ç To get ymax , use the points C and B (could also use A)

where: PB=Patm=1 atm and vB=v and yB=-h

set : PC=0 (cannot be negative) and vC=v and yC= ymax

ç Solving for ymax

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 17

 Example: Solution
Fluid dynamics
l Solve for v and ymax in term of numbers.
ç h = 1.00 m and use g=10 m/s2
ç Patm=1 atm = 1.013  105 Pa (1 Pa = 1 N/m2 )
ç density of water rwater = 1.00 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m2

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 18

 Example: Solution
Fluid dynamics
l Verify the units, and verify if your values are plausible.
ç [v] = L/T and [ymax] = L so units are OK
ç v of a few m/s and ymax of a few meters seem OK
» Not too big, not too small

l Note on approximation
ç Same as saying C

PA= PO =Patm or vA=0

y
ç i.e. neglecting the flow in O A
the pipe at point A
h v

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 19

 Real Fluids: Viscosity
l In ideal fluids mechanical energy is conserved (Bernoulli)
l In real fluids, there is dissipation (or conversion to heat) of
mechanical energy due to viscosity (internal friction of fluid)

Viscosity measures the force area A v

required to shear the fluid:

F×y y
h=
A ×v

where F is the force required to move a fluid lamina

(thin layer) of area A at the speed v when the fluid is in contact
with a stationary surface a perpendicular distance y away.

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 20

 Real Fluids: Viscosity

l Viscosity arises from particle area A v

collisions in the fluid
ç as particles in the top layer
diffuse downward they y
transfer some of their
momentum to lower layers

ç lower layers get pulled along (F = Dp/Dt)

air H2O oil glycerin

     

Viscosity (Pa-s)

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 21

 Real Fluids: Viscous Flow

 How fast can viscous fluid

flow through a pipe? L
Poiseuille’s Law
r
p+Dp p
p R4 Q
Q = Av = Dp R
8h L

 Because friction is involved, we know that mechanical energy

is not being conserved - work is being done by the fluid.

 Power is dissipated when viscous fluid flows: P = v·F = Q ·Dp

the velocity of the fluid remains constant power goes into
heating the fluid: increasing its entropy

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 22

 Lecture 33 Act 2
Viscous flow
l Consider again the 1 inch diameter pipe and the 1/2 inch
diameter pipe.

L/2 L/2

1) Given that water is viscous, what is the ratio of the flow

rates, Q1/Q1/2, in pipes of these sizes if the pressure drop per
meter of pipe is the same in the two cases?

a) 3/2 b) 2 c) 4

Physics 1501: Lecture 33, Pg 23