Earthquakes

EARTHQUAKE
Rise & Shout!

Let’s answer the following, prior to your background
knowledge to the basic information about earthquake.
________1. Outer portion of the Earth.
________2. A break in a rock along which movement has occurred.
________3. Any break in a rock in which no significant movement has taken place.
________4. The science that studies Earth.
________5. Mass of molten rock formed at depth, including dissolved gasses and
crystals.
________6. A device used to record earthquake waves.
________7. An event in which a slab of rock thrusts into the mantle.
________8. The topmost, solid part of the Earth that is composed of several plates.
________9. The branch of geology that deals with the movements that shape the
earth’s crust.
________10. He proposed the Continental Drift Theory at 1912.
SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

EARTHQUAKE
Let’s…
EARTHQUAKE
• It is an intense shaking of Earth’s surface.
This photograph shows the San Andreas Fault, a 750-mile-long

fault in California. Credit: Public Domain
SOURCE: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/earthquakes/en/
EARTHQUAKE
• It is a vibration in the surface of the Earth
resulting from the sudden release of energy.
IMAGE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ca
d=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi84OKc8InlAhWM7GEKHU
Z8Bj8Qjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wweek
.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F07%2F08%2Fcalifornia-
earthquakes-wont-trigger-the-big-one-in-oregon-but-
portlanders-urged-to-
prepare%2F&psig=AOvVaw1jLxYNbPU93zaaw7RXymWV&u
st=1570528361478035
SOURCE: Exploring Life Through Earth Science Book

EARTHQUAKE
• A vibration or oscillation of the surface of
the earth, ranging from a faint tremor to
a wild motion.
SOURCE: https://www.svce.ac.in/departments/cve/downloads/Engineering%20Geology/unit%20I/Earthquake.pptx
CAUSES OF THE
EARTHQUAKE
• Vulcanicity
• Faulting & elastic rebound theory
• Hydrostatic pressure and anthropogenic
causes
• Plate tectonic theory
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
• Seismic Waves
• Shock
• Focus & Epicenter
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
P-WAVES
BODY
WAVES
S-WAVES
SEISMIC
WAVES
L-WAVES
SURFACE
WAVES RAYLEIGH
WAVES
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
SEISMIC • Waves of energy that travel
through the Earth's layers.
WAVES
IMAGE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images
&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiSlPj9iITl
AhXMZt4KHV5vDhIQjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencelearn.org.nz%2Fresourc
es%2F340-seismic-
waves&psig=AOvVaw1UpYRx1KsZiDdNT7ondoRf&
ust=1570328813281540
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
BODY • Can travel through the Earth’s
inner layers.
WAVES
IMAGE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&c
d=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwikyeqZjITlAhXJ
PXAKHb4jCaMQjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https%3A%2
F%2Fwww.sms-tsunami-
warning.com%2Fpages%2Fseismic-
waves&psig=AOvVaw2Z3d2CuNmDMaFSlIBqDbFE&
ust=1570329504933378
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
• Primary waves. These are fastest,
P-WAVES
compressional and capable of
propagating through both, the
solid and liquid media
IMAGE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&
cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwikyeqZjITlAh
XJPXAKHb4jCaMQjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.sms-tsunami-
ust=1570329504933378
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
• Secondary waves. These are
S-WAVES
transverse, comparatively slower
and pass only through solid
media.
IMAGE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&
cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwikyeqZjITlAh
XJPXAKHb4jCaMQjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.sms-tsunami-
ust=1570329504933378
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
SURFACE • Can only travel through the
surface of the Earth.
WAVES
IMAGE:
d=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwir7aXEj4TlAhX
Ha94KHZbQAOwQjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https%3A%
2F%2Fwww.sms-tsunami-
waves&psig=AOvVaw2Kiape57r1pNF5PUzlN17T&ust
=1570330539956338
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
LOVE • Shear (side-to-side) motion in
horizontal plane.
WAVES
IMAGE:
=1570330539956338
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
RAYLEIGH • Motion in vertical plane.
WAVES • Rolls along the ground just like a
wave rolls across the lake or
ocean.
IMAGE:
=1570330539956338
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
• Happens when the vibrations are
felt in the bedrock and ground.
SHOCK
NATURE OF
EARTHQUAKE
• The point where the earthquakes
are generated is called focus.
FOCUS &
EPICENTER The point on the earth’s surface,
directly above the focus, is called
the epicenter .
CLASSIFICATION OF
EARTHQUAKE
1. On the basis of causative factors:
a. Natural earthquakes: These are caused
by natural processes i.e. due to
endogenetic forces.
• Volcanic earthquakes
• Tectonic earthquakes
• Isostatic earthquakes
• Plutonic earthquakes
CLASSIFICATION OF
EARTHQUAKE
1. On the basis of causative factors:
b. Anthropogenic earthquakes: These are
caused by human activities. Also known
as Artificial or man-induced earthquake.
CLASSIFICATION OF
EARTHQUAKE
2. On the basis of focus:
Shallow focus earthquakes – foci are
located at the depths from the ground
surface to 70 km,
Intermediate focus earthquakes – foci
at the depths between 70 km to 300
km, and
Deep focus earthquakes – foci at the
depths between 300 km to 700 km.
CLASSIFICATION OF
EARTHQUAKE
3. On the basis of human causalities:
Moderately hazardous earthquakes –
when human deaths caused by severe
seismic tremors are below 50,000 mark,
Highly hazardous earthquakes causing
human deaths ranging between 51,000
to 1,00,000 mark, and
Most hazardous earthquakes causing
human casualities above 1,00,000
mark.
EFFECTS OF THE
EARTHQUAKE
• Loss of life and property
• Landslides and Avalanches
• Development of fissures and cracks
• Disturbances of groundwater circulation
and drainage pattern
• Fires
• Up warp and down warp of the crust
• TSUNAMIS
ZONES OF
EARTHQUAKE
• The Circum-Pacific Belt
• The Mediterranean and Trans-Asiatic Belt
• The Mid-oceanic Ridges and the African
rift system Belt
MEASURING
EARTHQUAKE
Earthquakes are measured by
seismographs.
SOURCE: https://www.nps.gov/tica/learn/education/upload/Earthquakes-Powerpoint-2.pptx
Magnitude vs Intensity
EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude - Number that indicates the
relative size of energy released in an
earthquake.
Intensity - It is the amount of damage
brought about by an earthquake usually
denoted as Roman numerals.
Magnitude vs Intensity
EARTHQUAKE
Mercalli Intensity Scale - The first intensity
scale developed by Guiseppe Mercalli in
1902.
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale -
Develop by PHIVOLCS, used in reporting
earthquake intensities.
EARTHQUAKE
• Types of Faults
Strike-slip fault Normal fault Reverse fault
EARTHQUAKE…
Thank You!
EARTHQUAKE
No. 1 Answer
CRUST

EARTHQUAKE
No. 2 Answer
FAULT

EARTHQUAKE
No. 3 Answer
FRACTURE

EARTHQUAKE
No. 4 Answer
GEOLOGY

EARTHQUAKE
No. 5 Answer
MAGMA

EARTHQUAKE
No. 6 Answer
SEISMOGRAPH

EARTHQUAKE
No. 7 Answer
SUBDUCTION

EARTHQUAKE
No. 8 Answer
LITHOSPHERE

EARTHQUAKE
No. 9 Answer
TECTONICS

EARTHQUAKE
No. 10 Answer
ALFRED
WEGENER

Earthquakes

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EARTHQUAKE

Rise & Shout!

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

This photograph shows the San Andreas Fault, a 750-mile-long

SOURCE: Exploring Life Through Earth Science Book

Strike-slip fault Normal fault Reverse fault

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

SOURCE: Science 10-Learners Module-DepEd-Bureau of Secondary Education-Curriculum Development Division

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