TITRATION standard solution

Analytical method in which

a standard solution is used
to determine the
concentration of an
unknown solution.

unknown solution
TERMS

Standardization = process where the concentration of

the titrant is determined exactly using a….
Primary Standard = ultrapure reagent where the
number of moles is known exactly so it can be used to
accurately measure the titrant concentration, e.g.
TERMS
indicator = added compound that undergoes
a color change at the equivalence point.
Indicators are used in the absence of more
sophisticated detection methods like
potentiometry.
end point = practical end of titration when
analyte moles are completely consumed and
the indicator changes color
equivalence point = theoretical end of
titration as calculated using stoichiometry,
e.g. 1 mol H2SO4/2 mol NaOH
titration error = difference between the end
point and the equivalence point volumes
 Common Titrations
1. acid-base
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
2. redox
I3- + 2 S2O32- → S4O62- + 3 I-
3. precipitation
Ag+ + X- → AgX(s)
4. complex formation (EDTA)
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Back-Titration = a known amount of excess standard
reagent is added to the sample. Then a second standard
reagent is used to titrate the excess of the first reagent.
Example:
C18H34O2 (oleic acid)+ excess NaOH, then titrate the
unreacted NaOH with HCl

Inverse Titration = a known amount of standard is

measured into a receiving vessel and then titrated with the
sample.

Reasons for inverse titration may be a better recognizability

of the equivalence point, the stability of the reactants, or a
greater reaction speed.
Indirect Titration = the substance to be determined, in a
non-titratable form, is converted into a titratable compound
by a chemical reaction.
Example:
Kjeldahl – organics + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4
(NH4)2SO4 + NaOH → NH3 (vapor)
NH3 (vapor) + acid → NH4 salts, titrate salts

Substitution Titration = analyte that is hard to titrate

causes the formation of a different, easier analyte.
Example:
Mn+ + Mg-EDTA → Mn-EDTA + Mg+ (in excess Mg-EDTA)
 Other Detection Methods
1. Potentiometric

2. Photometric

3. Thermometric

4. Conductometric

5. Biamperometric/Coulometric
(KF)
Equivalence point
Point at which equal
amounts of H3O+ and
OH- have been added.
• Determined by…
• indicator color
change
• Dramatic
change in pH
14.0

12.0
Color change
alizarin yellow R
10.0
Color change
phenolpthalein
8.0
equivalence Color change
point bromthymol blue
6.0

Color change
4.0
bromphenol blue

Color change
2.0 methyl violet

0.0
 TITRATION OF A STRONG ACID WITH A
STRONG BASE
Titration Data

NaOH added Titration of a Strong Acid With a Strong Base

(mL) pH
14.0

0.00 1.00 12.0

10.00 1.37 10.0
20.00 1.95
8.0
22.00 2.19
pH
equivalence point
24.00 2.70 6.0

25.00 7.00 4.0

26.00 11.30
2.0
28.00 11.75
0.0
30.00 11.96 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
40.00 12.36 Volume of 0.100 M NaOH added
50.00 12.52 (mL)
moles H3 = O + moles OH-

MVn = MVn
M: Molarity
V: volume
n: # of H+ ions in the acid
or OH- ions in the base
 TITRATION
• 42.5 mL of 1.3M KOH are required to neutralize 50.0 mL
of H2SO4. Find the molarity of H2SO4.

H3 O + OH- MV# = MV#

M=? M = 1.3M M(50.0mL)(2)
V = 50.0 mL V = 42.5 mL =(1.3M)(42.5mL)(1)
n=2 n=1 M = 0.55M H2SO4
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
TITRATION OF A WEAK ACID WITH A STRONG
BASE
Titration of a Weak Acid With
a Strong Base
Titration Data
14.0
NaOH added
12.0
(mL) pH
10.0
equivalence point 0.00 2.89
5.00 4.14
8.0
pH

10.00 4.57
6.0 12.50 4.74
15.00 4.92
4.0 20.00 5.35
24.00 6.12
2.0 25.00 8.72
26.00 11.30
0.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 30.00 11.96
40.00 12.36
Volume of 0.100 M NaOH added
(mL)
TITRATION OF A WEAK BASE WITH A STRONG
ACID
Titration of a Weak Base With a Strong Acid
Titration Data 14.0

HCl added 12.0

(mL) pH 10.0
0.00 11.24
10.00 9.91 8.0
pH
20.00 9.47
6.0
30.00 8.93 equivalence point
40.00 8.61 4.0
45.00 8.30
47.00 7.92 2.0
48.00 7.70
49.00 7.47 0.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
50.00 5.85
51.00 3.34 Volume of 0.100 M HCl added
(mL)