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2 The Digestive System
Filter feeders
(mouth parts (mostly) not responsible
for extracting food from medium)
Substrate or
deposit feeders
(mouth parts
manipulate substrate
containing food )
bsorptive feeders
(usually lack mouth parts; absorbs nutrients)
The process of breaking down food into its
molecular and chemical components so that these
nutrient molecules can cross plasma membranes
ntra-cellular Extra-cellular
(Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria)
ability to feed upon
food items larger
than those that can
be phagocytized
Cnidaria & platyhelmithes
Gastrovascular cavity
©
the ³tube within a tube´ design
Movement of food
Secretion of gastric juices & enzymes
Digestions£ mechanical, chemical & enzymatic
bsorption of nutrients
Elimination of undigested food & wastes.
£
Enables sequential processing of food; no loss
of undigested food while disposing of solid wastes.
. CO2
2. Solid wastes
(indigestible material)
3. Metabolic wastes
(nitrogenous; from intra-cellular
breakdown of amino & nucleic acids)
£
) Remove metabolic (nitrogenous) wastes.
2) Regulate solute concentrations by
secretion or reabsorption.
3) Regulate water volume by excretion or
retention of water.
Ë
products of cellular protein (& nucleic-acid) catabolism
Metabolic
paths
mmonia
ë mount of energy needed to dispose of excess nitrogen
ë mount of water needed to keep concentrations below toxic levels
. ltrafiltration£ filtration of hemolymph or blood
across a semi-permeable membrane, due to
differences in hydrostatic pressure (water and
solutes [ammonia/urea, salts, glucose] move from high
to low pressure area). Forms µfiltrate¶ (ʯʩʰʱʺ).
Osmotic regulation in
crustaceans;
(ammonia excretion by
diffusion through gills)
ltrafiltration directly
into µend sac¶ due to
hydrostatic pressure of
the blood
a
. Feeding
2. Digestion
(in freshwater crustaceans; osmotic regulation;
ammonia excretion by diffusion through gills)
End sac
Site of ultrafiltration due to
hydrostatic pressure in hemocoel)
Bladder
Nephridial canal
Site of active secretion/absorption
Ë
products of cellular protein (& nucleic-acid) catabolism
Respiration based on
diffusion across the
epidermis sets an upper
limit to body (& cell) size
Gas exchange across the outer membrane
Distance between
metabolizing tissue and
respiratory surface <mm
Flat worms
Small, flat organisms.
Protozoa
Nematoda
Restricted to aquatic
or moist environments
(drying would reduce the
diffusion coefficient)
R
R
R
Respiratory system
©
Gills ± Crustaceans, aquatic nnelids & Molluscs
. Highly folded membrane; increases the
respiratory surface (internal or external).
2. Highly vascularized to facilitate gas
exchange with the circulatory system.
©
Trachea - insects, some spiders
ë Fine air-conducting tubules, enabling
gas exchange at the cellular level.
ëFunctions in exchange & delivery.
~0.um
Mechanical limit to the size of
trachea restricts the max. size
of insects (given atmospheric
O2 concentrations)
Titanus giganteus
~60cm
~15 cm
©
O
- Maintains a concentration
gradient across the respiratory
surface
- Common in active species
©
ßungs - Spiders; Scorpions (book lungs)
- Terrestrial Gastropods
º Highly branched membrane;
spatially localized.
º ncestral to trachae (less efficient)
Pneumostome
Circulatory system
Closed
( nnelids, Cephalopods)
Open
( rthropods, most Molluscs)
|
«
* Most common
higher gas-exchange efficiency in gills
There is only /20 the amount of oxygen
present in water as in the same volume of air
water
blood
water
blood
|
O2 & nutrients delivery; CO2 & metabolic waste removal
The evolutionary increase in body size
Higher metabolic rates (more active life style)
The evolution of exoskeleton
Radiation to drier terrestrial habitats
©
Trachae - insects,
some spiders
Fine air-conducting
tubules, enabling gas
exchange at the
cellular level.
(Functions in exchange &
delivery).
~0.um
Diving beetles quatic larval stages
#