Module-2

Assemblers

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 Module 2 -- Outline
Machine Dependent Features –
• Instruction Formats & Addressing Modes
• Program Relocation.
Machine Independent Features –
• Literals
• Symbol Definition Statements
• Expression,
• Program Blocks
• Control Sections and Programming Linking
Assembler Design Operations –
• One-Pass Assembler
• Multi-Pass Assembler
Implementation Examples –
• MASM Assembler
• SPARC Assembler
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 Assembler Design
 Machine Dependent Assembler Features
 instruction formats and addressing modes
 program relocation

 Machine Independent Assembler Features

 literals
 symbol-defining statements
 expressions
 program blocks
 control sections and program linking

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Machine-dependent
Assembler Features

 Instruction formats and addressing modes

 Program relocation

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 Instruction Format and Addressing Mode

 SIC/XE
 PC-relative or Base-relative addressing: op m
 Indirect addressing: op @m
 Immediate addressing: op #c
 Extended format: +op m
 Index addressing: op m,x
 register-to-register instructions
 larger memory -> multi-programming (program allocation)

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 Instruction formats
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Format 1 (1 byte) op

8 4 4
Format 2 (2 bytes) op r1 r2
e=0 Relative
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 addressing
Format 3 (3 bytes) op n i x b p e disp

e=1 Extended
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 addressing
Format 4 (4 bytes) op n i x b p e address

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 Translation
 Register translation
 register name (A, X, L, B, S, T, F, PC, SW) and their
values (0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
 preloaded in SYMTAB

 Address translation
 Most register-memory instructions use program
counter relative or base relative addressing
 Format 3: 12-bit address field
 base-relative: 0~4095
 pc-relative: -2048~2047

 Format 4: 20-bit address field

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 Generate the object code for following SIC/XE program.
Op codes: LDCH= 50, STCH=54, JLT=38, LDT=74, LDX=04, TIXR=B8.

LOC Label Mnemonic Operand Object code Addressing

mode
STRCOPY START
LDX #0
LDT #5
LOOP LDCH STR1, X
STCH STR2, X
TIXR T
JLT LOOP
STR1 BYTE C’RNSIT’
STR2 RESB 5
END

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 Copy string ‘RNSIT’ from location STR1 to STR2
Find object code
LOC LABEL OPCODE OPERAND OBJECT CODE Addr. mode

---- COPY START 0

0000 FIRST LDX #0 050000 Immediate

0003 LDT #5 750005 Immediate

0006 LOOP LDCH STR1, X 53A008 Relative, indexed

0009 STCH STR2, X 57A00A Relative, indexed

000C TIXR T B850 Register

000E JLT LOOP 3B2FF5 Relative

0011 STR1 BYTE C’RNSIT’ 524E534954

0016 STR2 RESB 5
001B END
LDA=00, ADD=18, LDS=6C, LDT=74,MULR=98,SUBR=94,STA=0C

Address Label Mnemonic Operand Object code

STRCOPY START 0
0000 LDA #4
ADD BETA
LDS #9
LDT GAMMA
MULR S, T
SUBR T, A
STA ALPHA
BETA RESW 1
GAMMA RESW 1
ALPHA RESW 1
END
Address Label Mnemonic Operand Object code
STRCOPY START 0
0000 LDA #4 010004
0003 ADD BETA 1B200D
0006 LDS #9 6D0009
0009 LDT GAMMA 77200A
000C MULR S, T 9845
000E SUBR T, A 9450
0010 STA ALPHA 0F2006
0013 BETA RESW 1
0016 GAMMA RESW 1
0019 ALPHA RESW 1
001C END
 Generate the object code for following SIC/XE program.
Op codes: CLEAR=B4, LDS=6C, LDA=00, LDB=68, ADD=18, TIXR=B8,
STA=0C, J=3C, RSUB=4C.
LOC SOURCE STATEMENT OBJECT CODE
0000 SUM START 0
0000 FIRST CLEAR X
0002 +LDS #4096
0006 LDA #0
0009 +LDB #TAB2
BASE TAB2
000D LOOP ADD TAB1, X
0010 TIXR S
0012 STA TAB2
0015 J @RETADR
0018 RSUB
001B RETADR RESW 1
001E TAB1 RESB 4096
101E TAB2 WORD 4096
1021 END FIRST
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 Find object code

LOC LABEL OPCODE OPERAND OBJECT CODE Addr. mode

---- SUM START 0
0000 FIRST CLEAR X B410 Register
0002 +LDS #4096 6D101000 Extended
0006 LDA #0 010000 Immediate
0009 +LDB #TAB2 6910101E Extended
---- BASE TAB2 Directive
000D LOOP ADD TAB1, X 1BA00E Relative, indexed

0010 TIXR S B840 Register

0012 STA TAB2 0F4000 Relative
0015 J @RETADR 3E2003 Indirect, Relative

0018 RSUB 4C0000 Simple

001B RETADR RESW 1
001E TAB1 RESB 4096
101E TAB2 WORD 4096 001000
1021 END FIRST
 Program Relocation

 Absolute program is one which executes properly

only when the program is loaded from a specified
location.
 Absolute program, starting address 1000
e.g. 55 101B STL RETADR 141033

 Relocate the program to 2000

e.g. 55 101B STL RETADR 142033

 Each Absolute address should be modified

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 Program Relocation
 Program relocation is the ability of loading the
program in different memory location other than the
actual starting address

 Except for absolute address, the rest of the instructions

need not be modified
 not a memory address (immediate addressing)
 PC-relative, Base-relative

 The only parts of the program that require modification at

load time are those that specify direct addresses

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 Relocatable Program

 Modification record
 Col 1 M
 Col 2-7 Starting location of the address field to be
modified, relative to the beginning of the program
 Col 8-9 length of the address field to be modified, in half-
bytes

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 Object Code

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 Why Relative addressing need not
require modification?

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TA = [PC] + disp
= 2003 + 02D
= 2030

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