CP502

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Incompressible Flow of
Viscous Fluids
Set 03
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid

υ ρ

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
Newtonian fluid down an inclined plane under gravity
Exercise 1: y
Show that, for steady, fully developed laminar z
fow down the slope (shown in the figure), the di r
x ec t
i on
Navier-Stokes equations reduces to of
fo
2
d u g w
 sin 
dy 2
 θ
where u is the velocity in the x-direction, ρ is the density, μ is
the dynamic viscosity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and θ is
the angle of the plane to the horizontal.
Solve the above equation to obtain the velocity profile u and obtain the
expression for the volumetric fow rate for a fowing film of thickness h.

Exercise 2:
If there is another solid boundary instead of the free-surface at y = h and the
fow occurs with no pressure gradient, what will be the volumetric fow rate?
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
Step 1: Choose the equation to describe the flow
Navier-Stokes equation is already chosen since the system
considered is incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid.
y
Step 2: Choose the coordinate system
z
Cartesian coordinate system is already chosen. di r
x ec t
i on
of
Step 3: Decide upon the functional dependence of fo
w
the velocity components

}
θ
x  direction : u  function(t , x, y , z )
y  direction : v  function(t , x, y , z ) (1)
z  direction : w  function(t , x, y, z )

Steady, fully developed flow and therefore no change in time and in the flow
direction. Channel is not bounded in the z-direction and therefore nothing
happens in the z-direction.

}
x  direction : u  function( y )
y  direction : v  function( y ) (2)
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019 z  direction : w0
Step 4: Use the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates

u v w v
  0 0
x y z y

v  constant or v0

Flow geometry shows that vv can not y v

be a constant, and therefore we choose z
di r
x ec t
i on
of
v0 fo
w

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
θ
The functional dependence of the velocity components
therefore reduces to

}
x direction: u = function of (y)
y direction: v=0 (3)
z direction: w=0

Step 5: Using the N-S equation, we get

x - component:

y - component:

z - component:

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
N-S equation therefore reduces to
p  2u
x - component:    2  g x  0 y
x y
p z
y - component:   g y  0 x di r
ec t
y i on
of
p fo
w
z - component:   g z  0
z
θ
No applied pressure gradient to drive the flow. Flow is
driven by gravity alone. Therefore, we get
 2u  d 2u g (4)
x - component:   gx  sin 
y 2
 dy 2

p
y - component:  g y   g cos 
y
What was
p asked to be
z - component:  0 p is not a function of z derived in
Prof. R. Shanthini z Exercise 1
9 June 2019
Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
Newtonian fluid down an inclined plane under gravity
Exercise 1: y
Show that, for steady, fully developed laminar z
fow down the slope (shown in the figure), the di r
x ec t
i on
Navier-Stokes equation reduces to of
fo

√done
2
d u g w
 sin 
dy 2
 θ
where u is the velocity in the x-direction, ρ is the density, μ is
the dynamic viscosity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and θ is
the angle of the plane to the horizontal.
Solve the above equation to obtain the velocity profile u and obtain the
expression for the volumetric fow rate for a fowing film of thickness h.

Exercise 2:
If there is another solid boundary instead of the free-surface at y = h and the
fow occurs with no pressure gradient, what will be the volumetric fow rate?
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
 d 2u g (4)
  sin 
dy 2

y
Equation (4) is a second order equation in u with z
respect to y. Therefore, we require two boundary x
conditions (BC) of u with respect to y. h

BC 1: At y = 0, u = 0 (no-slip boundary condition)

θ
BC 2: At y = h,
du (free-surface boundary condition)
0
dy
du  g 
Integrating equation (4), we get    sin   y  A (5)
dy   

 g 
Applying BC 2, we get A   sin  h (6)
  

du  g 
Combining equations (5) and (6), we get   sin   h  y  (7)
dy   
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
 y
z
x
h

θ
 g  y2 
Integrating equation (7), we get u   sin   hy    B (8)
   2 

Applying BC 1, we get B=0 (9)

 g  y2 
Combining equations (8) and (9), we get u   sin   hy   (10)
   2 

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
  g  y2 
u   sin   hy   (10)
   2 
y
z
Volumetric fow rate through one unit width x
fuid film along the z-direction is given by
h
h
Q   u dy
0
θ

h
 g  y2 
Q    sin   hy   dy
0
  2 

3 h
 g  y y   g
2
  h 3 h 3  gh 3
Q   sin   h     sin       sin  (11)
   2 6 0    2 6  3

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
Newtonian fluid down an inclined plane under gravity
Exercise 1: y
Show that, for steady, fully developed laminar z
fow down the slope (shown in the figure), the di r
x ec t
i on
Navier-Stokes equation reduces to of
fo

√done
2
d u g w
 sin 
dy 2
 θ
where u is the velocity in the x-direction, ρ is the density, μ is
the dynamic viscosity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and θ is
the angle of the plane to the horizontal.
Solve the above equation to obtain the velocity profile u and obtain the
expression for the volumetric fow rate for a fowing film of thickness h.

Exercise 2:
√done
If there is another solid boundary instead of the free-surface at y = h and the
fow occurs with no pressure gradient, what will be the volumetric fow rate?
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
 d 2u g (4)
Equation does not change.
  sin  BCs change.
dy 2

y
z
BC 1: At y = 0, u = 0 (no-slip boundary condition) x
h
BC 2: At y = h,
du (free-surface boundary condition)
0
dy
θ
u=0 (no-slip boundary condition)

du  g 
Integrating equation (4), we get    sin   y  A (12)
dy   

 g  y2
Integrating equation (12), we get u    sin    Ay  B (13)
   2

 g h
Applying the BCs in (13), we get B = 0 and A   sin  
Prof. R. Shanthini
  2
9 June 2019
Therefore, equation (13) becomes

 g  hy y 2  y
u   sin     (14)
   2 2  z
x
Volumetric fow rate through one unit width h
fuid film along the z-direction is given by
h
θ
Q   u dy
0

h
 g  hy y 2 
Q    sin     dy
0
  2 2 

h
 g   hy y   g
2 3
  h 3 h 3  gh 3
Q   sin        sin       sin  (15)
   4 6 0     4 6  12 
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
 Summary of Exercises 1 and 2

Free surface gravity fow Gravity fow through two planes

y y
z z
x x
h h

θ θ

 g  y2   g  hy y 2 
u   sin   hy   (10) u   sin     (14)
   2     2 2 

gh 3 gh 3
Q sin  (11) Q sin  (15)
3 12 

Why the volumetric fow rate of the free surface gravity fow is
4 times
9 June 2019 larger than the gravity fow through two planes?
Prof. R. Shanthini
 Any clarification?

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
Newtonian fluid down a vertical plane under gravity
Exercise 3:
A viscous film of liquid draining down the side of a wide
vertical wall is shown in the figure. At some distance down z
the wall, the film approaches steady conditions with fully y
developed fow. The thickness of the film is h. Assuming
that the atmosphere offers no shear resistance to the motion x
of the film, obtain an expression for the velocity distribution
across the film and show that
(1 / 3)
 3Q  h
h   
 g 
where ν is the kinematic viscosity of the liquid, Q is the
volumetric fow rate per unit width of the plate and g is
acceleration due to gravity.

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
 Workout Exercise 3 in 5 minutes!

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
Oil Skimmer Example

An oil skimmer uses a 5 m wide x 6 m long moving belt

above a fixed platform (= 60º) to skim oil off of rivers (T
= 10ºC). The belt travels at 3 m/s. The distance between
the belt and the fixed platform is 2 mm. The belt
discharges into an open container on the ship. The fluid
is actually a mixture of oil and water. To simplify the
analysis, assume crude oil dominates. Find the
discharge and the power required to move the belt.

 = 860 kg/m3

= 1x10-2 Ns/m2 U h

l
y
x
Prof. R. Shanthini
g
9 June 2019
30º
Oil Skimmer Discharge = ?
N-S equation reduces to
p  2u
x - component:    2  g x  0
x y
p
y - component:   g y  0
y
p
z - component:   g z  0
z
No applied pressure gradient to drive the flow. Flow is driven by gravity
alone. Therefore, we get
 2u  d 2u g
x - component:   gx  sin  (16)
y 2
 dy 2 
p
y - component:  g y   g cos 
y
p
zProf.- component:
R. Shanthini  0 p is not a function of z
9 June 2019
z
 d 2u g Sign changes in the equation
 sin  (16)
dy 2 

BC 1: At y = 0, u = 0 (no-slip boundary condition)

BC 2: At y = h,
du (free-surface boundary condition)
0
dy
u=U (no-slip boundary condition)

du  g 
Integrating equation (16), we get  
 sin   y  A (17)
dy   

 g  y2
Integrating equation (17), we get u   sin    Ay  B (18)
   2

 g h U
Applying the BCs in (18), we get B = 0 and A   sin   
Prof. R. Shanthini
  2 h
9 June 2019
Therefore, equation (18) becomes

 g  hy y 2  U
u   sin     y (19)
  
 2 
2  h

Volumetric fow rate through one unit width fuid film along the z-direction is given by
h h h
 g  hy y 2  U
Q   u dy     sin    dy   y dy
 
 2 2   h
0 0 0

gh3 Uh
Q sin   (20)
12  2

(860 kg/m3 )(9.806 m/s2 )(0.002m)3 o (3 m/s)(0.002 m)

Q sin(30 ) 
(12)(10  2 Ns/m 2 ) 2

Q  0.000281 m 2 /s  0.003 m 2 /s  0.0027 m 2 /s per unit width of the belt

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
Q  (0.0027 m 2 /s)(5 m)  0.0135 m 3/s
Oil Skimmer Power Requirements = ?

 How do we get the power requirement?

Power = Force x Velocity [N·m/s]

 What is the force acting on the belt?
Shear force (·L · W)
 Equation for shear?
=(du/dy)

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
Evaluate=(du/dy) at the moving belt

 g  hy y 2  U
u   sin     y (19)
  
 2 
2  h

du  g  h  U
  sin    y 
dy    2  h

At the moving belt

 du  h U
 at the belt       g sin   
 dy  at y  h 2 h

3 2 0.002m (10 2 Ns/m 2 )(3 m/s)

 at the belt  (860 kg/m )(9.806 m/s )(0.5) 
2 (0.002 m)

 at the belt  4.21 kg/m.s2  15 kg/m.s2  19.21 kg/m.s2 = 19.21 N/m2

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
Power = shear force at the belt * L * W * U

= (19.21 N/m2) (6 m) (5 m) (3 m/s)

= 1.73 kW

To reduce the power requirement,

decrease the shear force

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
d 2 u V du

Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
dy 2  dy

Newtonian fluid over a porous plate sucking the fluid

Exercise 4:
An incompressible, viscous fuid (of kinematic viscosity ν) fows between
two straight walls at a distance h apart. One wall is moving at a constant
velocity U in x-direction while the other is at rest as shown in the figure.
The fow is caused by the movement of the wall. The walls are porous and
a steady uniform fow is imposed across the walls to create a constant
velocity V through the walls. Assuming fully developed fow, show that the
velocity profile is given by
1  exp(Vy /  )
u U
1  exp(Vh /  )
Also, show that
V
(i) u approaches Uy/h for small V, and U

(ii) u approaches U exp  V  h  y  /   for very U v

large Vh/ν. h
y u
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
z x
Step 1: Choose the equation to describe the flow done

Step 2: Choose the coordinate system done

Step 3: Decide upon the functional dependence of the velocity components

Steady, fully developed flow and therefore no change in time and in the flow
direction. Channel is not bounded in the z-direction and therefore nothing

}
happens in the z-direction. x  direction : u  function( y )
y  direction : v  function( y ) (1)
z  direction : w0

Step 4: Use the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates

u v w v
  0 0 V
x y z y U

v  constant or v  0 U v
h
y u
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019 v V z x
The functional dependence of the velocity components
therefore reduces to

}
x direction: u = function of (y)
y direction: v=V (2)
z direction: w=0

Step 5: Using the N-S equation, we get

x - component:

y - component:

z - component:

Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
N-S equation therefore reduces to
u p  2u
x - component: V   2
y x y
p
y - component:  g
y
p
z - component: 0
z
No applied pressure gradient to drive the flow. Flow is caused by the
movement of the wall. Therefore, we get

d 2 u V du
x - component:  (3)
dy 2
 dy
V
U

U v
h
y u
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
z x
 d 2 u V du du V
   where   (3)
dy 2  dy dy 

Equation (3) is a second order equation in u with respect to y. Therefore, we

require two boundary conditions (BC) of u with respect to y.
BC 1: At y = 0, u = 0 (no-slip boundary condition)

BC 2: At y = h, u = U (no-slip boundary condition)

du
Integrating equation (3), we get  exp(y  A) (4)
dy
1
Integrating equation (4), we get u exp(y  A)  B (5)


Applying the BCs in equation (5), we get

1
0 exp( A)  B (6)

1
Prof. R. Shanthini U  exp(h  A)  B (7)
9 June 2019

From equations (6) and (7), we get
U
exp( A) 
exp(h )  1

1 U
B exp( A)  
 exp(h )  1

Substituting the above in equation (5), we get

U U 1  exp(y )
u exp(y )   U
exp(h )  1 exp(h )  1 1  exp(h )

1  exp(Vy /  )
u U (8)
1  exp(Vh /  )
V
U

U v
h
y u
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
z x
 1  exp(Vy /  )
u U (8)
1  exp(Vh /  )

(i) For small V, expand exp(Vy/ν) and exp(Vh/ν) using Taylor series as follows:

 (Vy /  ) 2 (Vy /  ) 2 
1  1  (Vy /  )    
 2! 3! U
u
 (Vh /  ) 2 (Vh /  ) 2 
1  1  (Vh /  )    
 2! 3! 

For small V, we can ignore the terms with power. We then get

Vy /  y
u U U
Vh /  h V
U

U v
Could you recognize the above profile? h
y u
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
z x
 1  exp(Vy /  )
u U (8)
1  exp(Vh /  )

For very large Vh/ν, exp(Vh/ν) goes to infinity. Therefore. Divide equation (8) by
exp(Vh/ν). We then get

exp(Vh / )  exp(Vy / ) exp(Vh / )

u U
exp(Vh / )  1

For very large Vh/ν, exp(-Vh/ν) goes to zero. Therefore, we get

 exp(Vy /  ) exp(Vh /  )
u U
( 1) V
U

u  U exp  V  h  y  /   U v
h
y u
Prof. R. Shanthini
9 June 2019
z x