PEMBELAHAN SEL

Reproduksi Sel
• Proses pembelahan sel disebut sebagai siklus
sel.
• Terdiri dari interfase, mitosis, dan sitokinesis.
Interfase
• Interfase  G1 – S – G2
‐ G1 terjadi sintesis protein dan pengorganisasian
substrat, enzim serta sintesis protein histon
yang diperlukan dalam sintesis DNA.
‐ S terjadi replikasi DNA yang merupakan
replikasi kromosom, hingga menghasilkan
sepasang molekul DNA identik disebut
kromatid.
‐ G2 merupakan akhir sintesis DNA. Terjadi
pertumbuhan dan pembesaran sel.
 MITOSIS
• Istilah mitosis : proses yg menghasilkan dua sel
anak yg identik.
• Mitosis terjadi pada inti maupun pada sitoplasma.
• Pembelahan material-material di luar inti
dinamakan sitokinesis.
• Mitosis memegang peranan dalam pertumbuhan
dan perkembangan organisme.
• Pada tanaman mitosis terjadi pd sel-sel
meristematis, misalnya ujung-ujung akar, dan
ujung batang.
Mitosis
 Prophase
• In prophase, the cell begins the process of
division.
• 1. The chromosomes condense. The
proteins attached to the DNA cause the
chromosomes to go from long thin
structures to short fat one, which makes
them easier to pull apart.
• 2. The nuclear envelope disappears. The
double membrane that surround the
nucleus dissolves into a collection of small
vesicles, freeing the chromosomes to use
the whole cell for division
• 3. The centrosomes move to opposite
poles. During interphase, the pair of
centrosomes were together just outside the
nucleus. In prophase they separate and
move to opposite ends of the cell.
• 4. The spindle starts to form, growing out of
the centrosomes towards the
chromosomes.
 Metaphase
• Metaphase is a short resting
period where the
chromosomes are lined up
on the equator of the cell,
with the centrosomes at
opposite ends and the
spindle fibers attached to
the centromeres.
Everything is aligned for the
rest of the division process
to occur.
 Anaphase
• In anaphase, the
centromeres divide. At this
point, each individual
chromosome goes from:
– 1 chromosome with 2
chromatids
– to:
– 2 chromosomes with one
chromatid each.

• Then the spindle fibers

contract, and the
chromosomes are pulled to
opposite poles, towards the
centrosomes.
 Telophase
• In telophase the cell
actually divides.
• The chromosomes are at
the poles of the spindle.
• The spindle disintegrates
• The nuclear envelope re-
forms around the two sets
of chromosomes.
• The cytoplasm is divided
into 2 separate cells, the
process of cytokinesis.
 Cytokinesis
• The organelles (other than the
chromosomes) get divided up into the 2
daughter cells passively: they go with
whichever cell they find themselves in.
• Plant and animal cells divide the
cytoplasm in different ways.
• In plant cells, a new cell wall made of
cellulose forms between the 2 new nuclei,
about where the chromosomes lined up in
metaphase. Cell membranes form along
the surfaces of this wall. When the new
wall joins with the existing side wall, the 2
cells have become separate.
• In animal cells, a ring of actin fibers
(microfilaments are composed of actin)
forms around the cell equator and
contacts, pinching the cell in half.
 MEIOSIS
• Meiosis terjadi pada sel-sel generatif
• Proses yang memunginkan pengurangan
jumlah kromosom dari 2n menjadi n.
• Jika terjadi fertilisasi yang merupakan
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina,
kondisi 2n akan dikembalikan.
• Meiosis juga membentuk gen kombinasi baru
 menimbulkan variabilitas genetik.
 Terjadi 4 kejadian penting
pada meiosis
• Perpasangan kromosom yg homolog
(synapsis)
• Pertukaran bagian kromosom (crossing over)
• Distribusi kembali kromosom
• Susunan materi genetik mungkin berbeda dg
tetua akibat crossing over
 Gamete Formation
• Gametes are sex cells (sperm, eggs)
• Arise from germ cells
 Tahapan Meiosis

Meiosis I Meiosis II

• Prophase I • Prophase II
• Metaphase I • Metaphase II
• Anaphase I • Anaphase II
• Telophase I • Telophase II
DNA Replication
Meiosis
Meiosis
 Meiosis I

Each homologue in the

cell pairs with its partner,

then the partners

separate
 Meiosis I - Stages

Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

 Prophase I
• Each duplicated, condensed chromosome
pairs with its homologue (synapsis)

• Homologues swap segments (crossing over)

Homologous Chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
Synapsis
Crossing Over
 Effect of Crossing Over
• After crossing over, each chromosome
contains both maternal and parental
segments
• Creates new allele combinations in offspring
 Metaphase I
• Chromosomes are pushed and pulled into the
middle of cell

• Sister chromatids of one homologue orient

toward one pole, and those of other
homologue toward opposite pole
 Anaphase I

• Homologous chromosomes segregate from

each other randomly (independent
assortment)
• Independent assortment results in genetic
variation
Independent Assortment
 Telophase I and Cytokinesis

• The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

• The cytoplasm divides
• There are now two haploid cells
• This completes Meiosis I
 Meiosis II
• The two sister chromatids of each duplicated
chromosome are separated from each other

two chromosomes
(unduplicated)

one chromosome
(duplicated)
 Meiosis II - Stages

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

 Prophase II
• Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of
the duplicated chromosomes

• Chromosomes move toward the spindle’s

equator
 Metaphase II

• All of the duplicated chromosomes are

lined up at the spindle equator, midway
between the poles
 Anaphase II
• Sister chromatids separate to become
independent chromosomes and move to
opposite poles
 Telophase II and Cytokinesis
• The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of
the cell
• A nuclear envelope forms around each set of
chromosomes
• The cytoplasm divides
• There are now four haploid cells

Meiosis Animation I Meiosis Animation II

 Results of Mitosis and Meiosis
• Mitosis
– Two diploid cells produced
– Each identical to parent

• Meiosis
– Four haploid cells produced
– Differ from parent and one another