SECAM

ENCODER
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
ER.ASHWANI SHARMA DIKSHA
12ECB025
B.TECH(E.C.E)-7th Sem
Introduction
 The SECAM system was developed in France.
 The fundamental difference between the SECAM
system on the one hand and the NTSC and PAL
systems on the other is that the latter transmit
and receive two chrominance signals
simultaneously while the SECAM system is
‘‘sequential a memoire’’, i.e., only one of the two
colour difference signals is transmitted at a time.
 The subcarrier is frequency modulated by the
colour difference signals before transmission.
 The magnitude of frequency deviation represents
saturation of the colour and rate of deviation its
If the red difference signal is transmitted on
one line then the blue difference signal is
transmitted on the following line.
This sequence is repeated for the remaining
lines of the raster. Because of the odd number of
lines per picture, if nth line carriers (R – Y) signal
during one picture, it will carry (B – Y) signal
during scanning of the following picture.
At the receiver an ultrasonic delay line of 64 µs
is used as a one line memory device to produce
decoded output of both the colour difference
signals simultaneously.
The modulated signals are routed to their
correct demodulators by an electronic switch
The determination of proper sequence of colour
lines in each field is accomplished by
identification (Ident) pulses which are generated
and transmitted during vertical blanking intervals.
SECAM III is a 625 line 50 field system with a
channel bandwidth of 8 MHz. The sound carrier
is + 5.5 MHz relative to the picture carrier.
The nominal colour subcarrier frequency is
4.4375 MHz.Actually two subcarrier frequencies
are used. The Y signal is obtained from the
camera outputs in the same way as in the NTSC
and PAL systems. However, different weighting
factors are used and the weighted colour
difference signals are termed DR and DB where
|DR| = 1.9 (R – Y) and |DB| = 1.5 (B – Y).
Block Diagram of SECAM
Coder
Modulation of the Subcarrier
• The use of FM for the subcarrier means that
phase distortion in the transmission path will not
change the hue of picture areas.
• Limiters are used in the receiver to remove
amplitude variations in the subcarrier.
• The location of subcarrier, 4.4375 MHz away
from the picture carrier reduces interference and
improves resolution.
• In order to keep the most common large
deviations away from the upper end of the video
band, a positive frequency deviation of the
subcarrier is allowed for a negative value of (R –
Y).
• Therefore, the weighted colour signals are: DR =
– 1.9 (R – Y) and DB = 1.5 (B – Y).
• The minus sign for DR indicates that negative
values of (R – Y) are required to give rise to
positive frequency deviations when the
subcarrier is modulated.
• In order to suppress the visibility of a dot pattern
on monochrome reception, two different
subcarriers are used.
• For the red difference signal it is 282 fH =
4.40625 MHz and for the blue difference signal it
is 272 fH = 4.250 MHz.
Pre-emphasis
 The colour difference signals are bandwidth limited to 1.5
MHz. As is usual with frequency modulated signals the
SECAM chrominance signals are pre-emphasised before
they are transmitted.
 On modulation the subcarrier is allowed a linear deviation
= 280 DR KHz for the red difference signals and 230 DB
KHz for the blue difference signals.
 The maximum deviation allowed is 500 KHz in one
direction and 350 KHz in the other direction for each
signal although the limits are in opposite directions for the
two chrome signals.
 After modulating the carrier with the pre-emphasised and
weighted colour difference signals (DR and DB), another
form of pre-emphasis is carried out on the signals.
 This takes the form of increasing the amplitude of the
subcarrier as its deviation increases. Such a pre-
emphasis is called high-frequency pre-emphasis. It
further improves signal to noise ratio and interference is
Line Identification Signal
• The switching of DR and DB signals line-by-line takes
place during the line sync pulse period.
• The sequence of switching continues without interruption
from one field to the next and is maintained through the
field blanking interval.
• However, it is necessary for the receiver to be able to
deduce as to which line is being transmitted.
• Such an identification of the proper sequence of colour
lines in each field in accomplished by identification pulses
that are generated during vertical blanking periods.
• The signal consists of a sawtooth modulated subcarrier
which is positive going for a red colour-difference signal
and negative going for the blue colour- difference signal.
• At the receiver the Ident pulses generate positive and
negative control signals for regulating the instant and
Working of Secam Encoder
 The colour camera signals are fed into a matrix
where they are combined to form the luminance
(Y = 0.3R + 0.59G + 0.11B) and colour-difference
signals.
 The SECAM weighting and sign factors are
applied to the colour-difference signals so that
the same subcarrier modulator can be used for
both the chrominance (DR and DB) signals.
 The Ident signal is also added in the same
matrix.
 An electronic switch which changes its mode
Sync Pulse Generation and
Control
The line frequency pulses from the sync pulse
generator are passed through selective filters which
pick out the 272nd and 282nd harmonics of fH.
These harmonics are amplified and used as the two
subcarrier references. The sync pulse generator also
synchronizes the switching control unit which in turn
supplies operating pulses to the electronic switch for
choosing between DR and DB signals.
The switching control also operates the circuit which
produces modulated waveforms of the Ident signal.
These are added to the chrominance signals during
field blanking period and before they are processed
for modulation.
The output from the electronic switch passes through
a low-pass filter which limits the bandwidth to 1.5
The bandwidth limited signals are pre-
emphasized and then used to frequency
modulate the subcarrier.
The modulator output passes through a high
frequency pre-emphasis filter having a bell-
shaped response before being added to the Y
signal.
The sync and blanking pulses are also fed to
the same adder.
The adder output yields composite
chrominance signal which is passed on to the
main transmitter.
THANK YOU!!!