Faculty of Computer Science Chair of Computer Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks, Dr. W.

Dargie

ZigBee

Jan Dohl Fabian Diehm Patrick Grosa

Dresden, 14.11.2006
 Structure


Introduction

Concepts

Architecture

Implementation

Evaluation

Reference

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 Introduction

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 Introduction
What is ZigBee?

• Specification of protocols for small, low-power radios

History

• May 2003: IEEE 802.15.4 completed

• December 2004: ZigBee specification ratified
• June 2005: public availability

ZigBee-Alliance

• Companies developing and promoting the standard

• 150+ members

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 ZigBee Alliance - Members

and many more....

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 Concepts

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 Why do we need another WPAN standard?

Decreasing

• Power consumption
– ZigBee: 10mA <==> BT: 100mA

• Production costs
– In the beginning of 2005
– ZigBee: 1.1 $ <==> BT: 3 $

• Development costs
– Codesize ZB/codesize BT = ½

• Bit-error-rate (BER)

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 Why do we need another WPAN standard?

picture taken from [9]

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 Why do we need another WPAN standard?

Increasing

• Sensitivity
– ZigBee: -92dbm(0,63pW) <==> BT: -82dbm(6,2pW)

• flexibility
– No. of supported nodes
– ZigBee: 65536 (in a mesh) <==> BT: 7 (in a star)

• Security
– ZigBee: AES (128bit) <==> BT: SAFER (64/128bit)

• Latency requirements
– ZigBee: optional guaranteed time slot

• Range
– ZigBee: up to 75 m in LOS condition <==> BT: 10 m
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 Usage Scenarios

• Industrial & commercial

• Consumer electronics

• Toys & games

• PC & periphals

• Personal health care

• home/building automation

 Just everything you can imagine for wireless sensor

nodes or in general short range communications

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 ZigBee Frequency Bands

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 ZigBee Protocol Stack

7Layer Simplified 5Layer

ISO-OSI-Model ISO-OSI-Model IEEE 802 Model
7 Application User Application <<ZigBee
6 Presentation
5 Session Application Profile Upper Layers
4 Transport
3 Network Network
2 Data Link Data Link Logic Link Control (LLC) <<802.14.5
Media Access Control (MAC)
1 Physical Physical Physical

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 Protocol Stack

picture taken from [10]

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 ZigBee Profiles

Profiles:

Definition of ZigBee-Profiles
• describes a common language for exchanging data
• defines the offered services
• device interoperatbility across different manufacturers
• Standard profiles available from the ZigBee Alliance
• profiles contain device descriptions
• unique identifier (licensed by the ZigBee Alliance)

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 Architecture

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 ZigBee Node-Types

ZigBee Coordinator (ZBC) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)

• only one in a network

• initiates network

• stores information about the network

• all devices communicate with the ZBC

• routing functionality

• bridge to other networks

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 ZigBee Node-Types

ZigBee Router (ZBR) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)

• optional component

• routes between nodes

• extends network coverage

• manages local address allocation/de-allocation

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 ZigBee Node-Types

ZigBee End Device (ZBE) (IEEE 802.15.4 RFD)

• optimized for low power consumption

• cheapest device type

• communicates only with the coordinator

• sensor would be deployed here

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 Addressing/Discovering ZigBee Nodes

Addressing ZigBee Nodes:

• optimized unique 64 bit address (IEEE 802.15.4)

• 16 bit network address (65536 devices)
• 256 sub addresses for subunits

Device Discovery

• unicast (NWK id known), broadcast (NWK id unknown)

• ZBC-/ZBR-Response: IEEE address + NWK address + all
known network addresses

Binding

• creating logical links between 2 or more end devices

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 Addressing/Binding ZigBee Endpoints

picture taken from [11]

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 Traffic-Types

1. Data is periodic

• application dictates rate

2. Data is intermittent

• application or stimulus dictates rate (optimun power savings)

3. Data is repetitive (fixed rate a priori)

• device gets guaranteed time slot

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 Traffic-Modes

1. Beacon mode:

• beacon send periodically

• Coordinator and end

device can go to sleep

• Lowest energy

consumption

• Pricise timing needed

• Beacon period (ms-m)

picture taken from [1]

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 Beacon-Mode

picture taken from [8]

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 Traffic-Modes

1. Non-Beacon mode:

• coordinator/routers

have to stay awake

(robust power supply

needed)

• heterogeneous network

• asymmetric power
picture taken from [1]

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 Topologies

Mesh-Topology

picture taken from [7]

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 Topologies

Tree-Topology

picture taken from [7]

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 Implementation

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 PHY layer

2400MHz Band specs

• 4 Bits per symbol

• DSSS with 32 Bit chips
• O-QPSK modulation
• Sine halfwave impulses Medium
Binary Data Bit Symbol
QPSK
to to
Mod.
Symbol Chip

picture taken from [4]

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 PHY layer

868/915 MHz Band specs

• 1 Bit per symbol

• Differential encoding
• DSSS with 15 Bit Chips
• BPSK modulation
• RC impulses (roll-off = 1)

Medium
Binary Data Bit
Diff. BPSK
to
Encoder Mod.
Chip

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 PHY layer

General specs and services

• Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) < 35%

• -3dBm minimum transmit power (500µW)
• Receiver Energy Detection (ED)
• Link Quality Indication (LQI)
• Use ED & LQI to reduce TX-power
• Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) with 3 modes
– Energy above threshold
– Carrier sense only
– Carrier sense with energy above threshold

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 PHY layer

PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) frame structure

• Frame to be sent via radio

• Preamble for chip and symbol synchronization
• Contains either data or data acknowlegement
• Packet size 8-127 Octets
• Contains MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)

table taken from [1]

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 MAC layer

Channel access specification

• Beacon/Nonbeacon
• Define Superframe structure
• Slotted/unslotted CSMA-CA

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 MAC layer

Managing PANs

• Channel scanning (ED, active, passive, orphan)

• PAN ID conflict detection and resolution
• Starting a PAN
• Sending beacons
• Device discovery
• Device association/disassociation
• Synchronization (beacon/nonbeacon)
• Orphaned device realignment

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 MAC layer

Transfer handling

• Transaction based (indirect transmission)

– Beacon indication
– Polling
• Transmission, Reception, Rejection, Retransmission
– Acknowleded
– Not acknowledged
• GTS management
– Allocation/deallocation
– Usage
– Reallocation
• Promiscous mode

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 MAC layer

Frame security

• Provided security features

– Access control
– Data encryption
– Frame integrity
– Sequential freshness
• Avaiable security modes
– Unsecured mode
– ACL mode
– Secured mode
• Avaiable security suites
– AES-CTR
– AES-CCM
– AES-CBC-MAC

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 MAC layer

How far have we come?

4
1
6
0
5
2
7
3

Problem: How do 6 and 7 talk to coordinator 0?

Solution: Routing (NWK Layer)

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 NWK layer

Distributed address assignment

• Tree structure or self managed by higher layer

• 16Bit network space divided among child routers
• Child routers divide there space again for their children
• Depends on:
– Maximum child count per parent
– Maximum child-routers per parent
– Maximum network depth

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 NWK layer

Distributed address assignment - Example

• Cm=2 ; Rm=2 ; Lm=2

Depth in network d Offset Value
0 3
1 1
2 0

?2 0

6 4
5

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 NWK layer

Routing cost

• Metric to compare „goodness“ of routes

• Base: Link cost between 2 neighbors
• Path cost = sum of link costs along the path
• Link cost determination:
– Link quality indication from PHY
– Statistical measures

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 NWK layer

Route discovery

• Find or update route between specific source and destination

• Started if no active route present in routing table
• Broadcast routing request (RREQ) packets
• Generates routing table entries for hops to source
• Endpoint router responds with Routing response (RREP) packet
• Routes generated for hops to destination
• Routing table entry generated in source device

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 NWK layer

Route discovery
RREQ
RREP

1 2 3

5 2
1 4

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 NWK layer

Routing

• Check if routing table entry exists

• Initiate route discovery if possible
• Hierarchical routing as fallback
Route maintenance

• Track failed deliveries to neighbors

• Initiate route repair when threshold reached
• Careful with network load!
• In case of total connectivity loss:
– Orphaning procedure
– Re-association with network

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 Application Level

picture taken from [11]

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 Application Level

picture taken from [11]

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 Application Layer

Application Support Sub-layer (APS):

• interface to NWK-layer (offers general set of functions)

• Data transmission, binding and security management

picture taken from [1]

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 Application Level

picture taken from [11]

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 Application Layer

Application Framework:

• Specifies Datatypes
• Devices describe themselves by ZigBee descriptor:
– frequency band
– power description
– application flags
– application version
– serial number
– manufacturer
– ...

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 Application Layer

Supported Data-types

table taken from [1]

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 Application Level

picture taken from [11]

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 Application Layer

ZigBee defined Objects (ZDO):

• provides common function for applications

• Initializes APS, NWK-Layer and Security Service Specification
• offers services like device-/service-descovery, binding and
security management
• assembles information about the network
• for ZBC/ZBR -> e.g. binding table

picture taken from [1]

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 Evaluation

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 Pros and Cons

Pros Cons

• good extension of existing • Not many end devices

standards
available yet
• supported by many
• Single point of failure
companies
(centralized architecture)
• low power consumption
• low cost
• easy implemented
(Designer concentrates on
end application)
• flexible network structure

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 Gadget example

Pantech & Curitel P1 phone

• Only a prototype

• control electrical appliances

• Check temperature &

humidity

• Sending messages in case

of trespass

picture taken from [9]

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 References

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 References
[1] ZigBee Specifications v1.0

[2] “Designing with 802.15.4 and ZigBee”, Presentation Slides, available on ZigBee.org

[3] “ZigBee Tutorial”, http://www.tutorial-reports.com/wireless/zigbee

[4] IEEE 802.15.4 Specification

[5] “Network Layer Overview”, Presentation Slides, Ian Marsden, Embedded Systems Show,
Birmingham, October 12th, 2006, 064513r00ZB_MG_Network_Layer_Overview.pdf, available
on ZigBee.org

[6] “Designing a ZigBee Network”, Presentation Slides, David Egan, Ember Corporation, ESS
2006, Birmingham, 064516r00ZG_MG_Network_Design.pdf, available on ZigBee.org

[7] “ZigBee Architecture Overview”, Presentation Slides, Oslo, Norway June 2005,
ZigBee_Architecture_and_Specifications_Overview.pdf, available on ZigBee.org

[8] “Low Power Consumption Features of the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee LR-WPAN Standard”,
http://www.cens.ucla.edu/sensys03/sensys03-callaway.pdf

[9] “ZigBee Home Automation Mobile from Pantech”, http://www.i4u.com/article2561.html

[10] “Basic Lecture - ZigBee” http://www.korwin.net/eng/infor/info_zb_01.asp

[11] “Introduction to the ZigBee Application Framework”, Presentation Slides, ZigBee Open
House, San Jose, June 15th, 2006, 053340r06ZB_AFG-Overview-ZigBee-Open-House.pdf,
available on ZigBee.org
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 Thank you
for
your attention!

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