LIPIDS

EXPERIMENT 5A
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Identify the lipids that are part of simple, compound and
derived lipids.
I. Simple Lipids
A. Fats
• esters of fatty acids with glycerol
• They are found in nature in large quantities.
• They are the best reserve of food material in the human body.
• They act as insulator for the loss of body heat.
• They act as a padding material for protecting internal organs.
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Identify the lipids that are part of simple, compound and
derived lipids.
I. Simple Lipids
B. Waxes
• Waxes are simple lipids contain a fatty acid joined
to a long-chain (12-32 carbons) alcohol:
• Waxes are insoluble in water, and not as easily hydrolyzed as fats
and oils. They often occur in nature as protective coatings on
feathers, fur, skin, leaves, and fruits.
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Identify the lipids that are part of simple, compound and
derived lipids.
II. Compound Lipids
A. Phospholipids (phosphatides):
• esters of fatty acids with glycerol containing an esterified
phosphoric acid and a nitrogen
• increase the rate of fatty acid oxidation.
• act as carriers of inorganic ions across the membranes.
• Help in blood-clotting.
• act as prosthetic group to certain enzymes.
• form the structures of membranes, matrix of cell wall, myelin
sheath, microsomes and mitochondria.
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Identify the lipids that are part of simple, compound and derived
lipids.
II. Compound Lipids
B. Glycolipids:
• contain an amino alcohol (sphingosine or iso-sphingosine) attached
with an amide linkage to a fatty acid and glycosidically to a
carbohydrate (sugars, amino sugar, sialic acid)
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Identify the lipids that are part of simple, compound and derived
lipids.
II. Compound Lipids
B. Glycolipids:
• contain an amino alcohol (sphingosine or iso-sphingosine) attached
with an amide linkage to a fatty acid and glycosidically to a
carbohydrate (sugars, amino sugar, sialic acid)
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Identify the lipids that are part of simple, compound and derived
lipids.
III. Derived Lipids - Derived lipids are the substances derived from
simple and compound lipids by hydrolysis. These includes fatty acids
, alcohols , monoglycerides and diglycerides , steroids , terpenes,
carotenoids
A. Fatty acids:
• Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Identify the lipids that are part of simple, compound and derived
lipids.
III. Derived Lipids
B. Steroids are classified as lipids because they are soluble in
nonpolar solvents, but they are non saponifiable because the
components are not held together by ester linkages.
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Identify the lipids that are part of simple, compound and derived
lipids.
III. Derived Lipids
C. Alcohols found in lipid molecules include glycerol, cholesterol and
higher alcohols (acetyl alcohol), usually found in the waxes.
D. Terpenes – molecules are quite small and consist of repeating
units of a compound called isoprene
- play a vital role in plants, they deter insect predation, protect plants
from environmental stresses, and act as building blocks for more
complex molecules
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
2. Draw the structures of the lipid samples in the
experiment.
a. Olive oil – predominantly composed of oleic acid
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
2. Draw the structures of the lipid samples in the
experiment.
b. Coconut oil – predominantly composed of lauric acid
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
2. Draw the structures of the lipid samples in the
experiment.
c. Lecithin - Phosphoglycerides that contains the
aminoalcohol
choline are called lecithins
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
2. Draw the structures of the lipid samples in the
experiment.
d. Butter -
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
2. Draw the structures of the lipid samples in the
experiment.
e. Lotion -
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
3. How will the iodine tests the unsaturation of a substance?

Iodine value can be used to measure the degree of

unsaturation of oils and fats. mass of iodine that reacts with
the fat or oil is used to measure the unsaturation. The amount
of iodine that reacts is used to find the iodine number of the
fat or oil and this is used to indicate the degree of
unsaturation in the fat or oil. The results are normally
expressed as the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100
g of oil or fat, considering the conditions of the test.
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
4. What is Acrolein test? What it is for? What is its positive
indicator?
Acrolein test is used to detect the presence of glycerol or
fat. When fat is treated strongly in the presence of a
dehydrating agent like potassium bisulphate (KHSO4), the
glycerol portion of the molecule is dehydrated to form an
unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein that has a pungent irritating
odour
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of translucent spot test? What is
detected by this test? Is it conclusive? Why?

A translucent spot test is also a preliminary test for the lipids

which can be detected by the appearance of a translucent
and greasy spot. Principle: The lipid will not wet the filter
paper, unlike water. The lipid will form a greasy spot as they
are having a greasy texture that will penetrate into the filter
paper.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
2. Explain the solubility test by comparing the structures of
the lipid samples and the solvents
Solubility test is the preliminary test which detects the
presence of all lipids. This test detects the solubility of lipid
in various solvents to check whether it is miscible or
immiscible in polar or non-polar solvents.
Principle: Solubility test is based on the property of lipid to
dissolve in different solvents. Lipids are readily miscible in
non-polar solvents like chloroform, partially soluble in a
polar solvent like ethanol and immiscible in a polar solvent
like water.
Positive result: Lipids are soluble in non-polar solvent i.e.
chloroform and partially soluble in ethanol which can
solubilize upon heating.
Negative result: Lipids are insoluble in a polar solvent i.e.
water.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
3. Explain why results in the Test for Unsaturation are
positive or negative.
Unsaturation test is used to detect the presence of
unsaturated fatty acids or the amount of double bond in a
lipid sample.
Principle: All the neutral fat contains glycerides of fatty
acids. Double bond found in the structure of unsaturated
fatty acids which becomes saturated by taking up either
bromine or iodine. If the lipid contains more unsaturated
fatty acids or more double bonds that means, it will take
more iodine.

Positive result: Pink colour will disappear by the addition of

unsaturated fatty acids.
Negative result: Pink colour will not disappear.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
4. What is the principle behind Acrolein test? Explain why
results showed positive or negative.
detect the presence of glycerol or fat. For positive result,
addition of lipid sample potassium bisulphate (KHSO4), the
glycerol portion of the molecule is dehydrated to form an
unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein that has a pungent irritating
odour. Negative if glycerol is not dehydrated by potassium
bisulfate due to insufficient amount or negative if sample
added has no glycerol at all