CHEMICAL

KINETICS
Damia , Farah , Aiman , Afrizal , Afiq

4.4 TEMPERATURE AND KINETICS

CONTE
1.EFFECT OF
NTS
CONCENTRATION AND
TEMPERATURE
2.COLLISION THEORY
3.ACTIVATION ENERGY
4.TRANSITION THEORY
5.REACTION
EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATION ON COLLISION
Collision theory views the reaction
rate as the result of particles
colliding with a certain frequency
and minimum energy.
Used to predict the rates of
chemical reactions, particularly for
gases.
Transition state theory offers a
close-up view of how the energy of
a collision converts reactant to
product.
Used to determine the reaction
rates of elementary reactions.
 COLLISION THEORY
In a chemical reaction, bonds are broken and new bond are
formed.

For any reaction occur –

(a)Molecules must collide with each other .
Once molecules collide
they may react together or they may not

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(b) Molecules must have sufficient energy and correct geometry.
Not all collisions result in a reaction. If the particles don’t have enough energy they will
bounce of each other .
Reactions need a certain amount old energy to break old bonds so that new ones can be
made . The minimum amount of energy needed is called the activation energy. Different
reactions have different activation energies

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Example of correct geometry :
The particles must have proper orientations.

-Reaction between hydrogen and iodine.

When the reaction proceeds, the existing H-H and I-I bonds gets broken and new type of bond is
formed. There must be proper collision between the reacting molecules for the formation of
desired product. This is called effective collision.
 ACTIVATION ENERGY
Activation Energy (Ea) - Minimum energy
required to transform reactants into the
activated complex.

• Only collusion with enough energy

react to form products (or to start
reaction).

• (The minimum energy required to

produce an effective collision).

• The lower the (Ea) , the faster the

reaction .
In this picture, The activation energy is the
• All of these will increase the rate of amount of energy required for the man to
reaction : get rock ‘A’ over the mountain.
(a) Heating the reactants
(b) Using catalyst
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(c) Making the reactants
 EXAMPLE ACTIVATION ENERGY

Each reaction has its own activation Energy (Ea)

The smaller the ‘bump’ the less energy particles must have to
react.
 TRANSITON STATE THEORY
• The tiny fraction of molecules that are
oriented effectively and moving at the
highest speed behave differently.

• Their kinetic energy pushes them together

with enough force to overcome repulsions
and react.

• At some point during this smooth

transformation, what exists is neither
reactant nor product but a transitional
species with partial bonds.

• When two molecules approach one another, some kinetic • This extremely unstable species, which is
energy is converted to potential energy as the electron clouds called the transition state, or activated
repel each other. complex, exists only at the instant when the
• At the moment of a head-on collision, the molecules stop, and
their kinetic energy is converted to the potential energy of the
reacting system is highest in potential
collision. energy.
• If this potential energy is less than the activation energy, the
molecules recoil, bouncing off each other and the molecules • Thus, the activation energy is the quantity
zoom apart without reacting. needed to stretch and deform bonds in order
to reach the transition state
REACTION COORDINATE DIAGRAMS

The high point on the

diagram is the transition
state.
The species present at the
transition state called the
activated complex.

The energy gap between

the reactants and the
activated complex is the
activation ebergy barrier.

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 Heat of
reaction

DE = (Ea)forward - (Ea)reverse Next

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 A---B---B A---B---B

A + B2 AB + B

AB + B A + B2

Exothermic reaction: Ea(forward) < Ea(reverse) Endothermic reaction: Ea(forward) >

Ea(reverse)
THANK
YOU.