Register – Level Design

Prepared By:
Rajneesh Singla
Assistant Professor
UIET, PU Chandigarh
 Combinational Circuits
• This is the connected arrangement of logic
gates with a set of inputs and outputs.
• At any given time , the binary values of the
outputs are a function of the binary
combination of the inputs.
• The n binary input variables come from an
external source, the m binary output variables
go to an external destination , and in between
there is an interconnection of logic gates.
• A combination circuit transforms binary
information from the given input data to the
required output data.
• Combinational circuits are employed in digital
computers for generating binary control
decisions and for providing digital components
required for data processing.
 Flip Flops
• The digital circuits considered thus far have
been combinational , where the outputs at any
given time are entirely dependent on the inputs
that are present at that time.
• Although every digital system is likely to have
a combinational circuit, most systems
encountered in practice also include storage
elements which require that the system be
described in terms of sequential circuits.
• The most common type of sequential circuit is
the synchronous type.
• Synchronous sequential circuits employ signals
that effect the storage elements only at discrete
instants of time.
• Synchronization is achieved by a timing device
called a clock pulse generator that produces a
periodic train of Clock pulses.
• The storage elements employed in clocked
sequential circuits are called flip flops.
 Registers
• Register is a group of flip flops with each flip
flop capable of storing one bit of information.
• An n –bit register has a group of n flip flops
and is capable of storing any binary
information of n bits.
 Sequential Circuits
• This is an interconnection of flip flops and
gates.
• The gates by themselves constitute a
combinational circuit, but when included with
the flip flops , the overall circuit is classified as
a sequential circuit.
• The outputs of the combinational circuit goes
to external outputs and to input of flip flops.
• The external outputs of a sequential circuit are
functions of both external inputs and present
state of the flip flop.
• Moreover the next state of flip flop is also a
function of their present state and external
inputs.
• Thus the sequential circuit is specified by a
time sequence of external inputs, external
outputs, and internal flip flop binary states.
 Register – Level Design
• A register-level system consists of a set of
registers linked by combinational data transfer
and data - processing circuits.
• Each operation is typically implement by one
or more elementary register – transfer steps of
the form.
cond. Z:=f (X1 , X2…….Xk);
• Where f is a function to be performed or an
instruction to be executed in one clock cycle.
• The prefix cond denotes a control condition
that must be satisfied (cond= 1) for the
indicated operation to take place.
• A multifunction System is generally
partitioned into a data – processing part, called
a DATAPATH, and a controlling part , the
control unit, which is responsible for selecting
and controlling the actions of the data path.
• The control unit CU selects the operation
(add, shift, and so on) for the ALU to perform
in each clock cycle.
• It also determines the input operands to apply
to the ALU and the destination of its results.

• To execute the subtraction Z:=A-B, the

controller CU must send select signals to the
ALU to select its subtract function.

• It must send select signals to the multiplexer

that connects register A to the ALU’s left port;
and it must send a “load data” control signal to
the output register Z.
THANKS