FONDATION OF PHILOSOPHY OF

SCIENCE
REFERENCE SOURCE
THE THIRD GROUP OF PHILOSOPHY OF
SCIENCE :

• 1. FIRMAYA AGUSTINA (191101

• 2. NURMA MILLATINA (19110120)
• 3. KHOLIDAH ISNANI (19110100)
• 4. ROIKHATUN NAJJIYAH (19110124)
 FONDATION OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

EPISTIMOLOGY ONTOLOGY AXIOLOGY

EPISTIMOLOGY
WIKIPEDIA.
EPISTEMOLOGY, EPISTĒMĒ, MEANING 'KNOWLEDGE', AND -LOGY IS THE BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY
CONCERNED WITH THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE.
EPISTEMOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE, JUSTIFICATION, AND THE RATIONALITY OF
BELIEF.
• EPISTEMOLOGY ADDRESSES SUCH QUESTIONS AS: "WHAT MAKES JUSTIFIED BELIEFS JUSTIFIED?",[3]
"WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO SAY THAT WE KNOW SOMETHING?",[4] AND FUNDAMENTALLY "HOW DO WE
KNOW THAT WE KNOW?"
• OUR VIEW OF THE NATURE OF REALITY AFFECTS OUR BELIEFS ABOUT THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE.
• EPISTEMOLOGY ADDRESSES THE SECOND PARADIGMATIC QUESTION, “ HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE
KNOW?, “ WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE KNOWER AND WHAT IS KNOWN.
• EPISTEMOLOGY IS THE BRANCH OF PHYLOSOPHY THAT DEALS WITH THE ORIGIN, NATURE, AND LIMITS OF
HUMAN KNOWLEDGE WHICH FOCUSES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE KNOWER AND THE KNOWN.
• EPISTEMOLOGY ALSO DEALS WITH WAYS OF KNOWING AND THE RESEARCHERS BELIEF SYSTEM ABOUT
THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE, SUCH AS BELIEFS ABOUT THE CERTAINTY, STRUCTURE, COMPLEXITY, AND
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE.
• WHEN WE ARE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF KNOWLWDGE AND BELIEFS AND CONNECTIONS
BETWEEN BELIEFS AND EVIDENCE, WE ARE IN THE REALM OF PHYLOSOPHY. IT IS IMPORTANT TO
RECOGNIZE THAT EVERY RESEARCHER BRING SOME SET OF EPISTEMOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS INTO THE
RESEARCHER PROCESS ( EVEN IF THEY ARE NOT AWARE OF THEM ) AND THAT THERE ASSUMPTION
INFLUENCE HOW THEY UNDERSTAND AND INTERPERT THEIR DATA
• SCHOMMER (1990) PROPOSED THAT PERSONAL EPISTEMOLOGY CAN BE CONCEPTUALIZED AS AN
EPISTEMOLOGICAL BELIEFS SYSTEM THAT INCLUDES BELIEFS ABOUT THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE,
NAMELY BELIEFS ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF KNOWLEDGE, THE STABILITY OF KNOWLWDGE.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EPISTEMOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY

• EPISTEMOLOGY IS MORE PHILOSOPHICAL IN NATURE THAN METHODOLOGY.

• EPISTEMOLOGY EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND THE RESEARCHER DURING DISCOVERY
• HOW IS KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED?
• HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KHOW?

• METHODOLOGY REFERS TO THE WAY WE GO ABOUT DISCOVERING KNOWLEDGE IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY

• A METHODOLOGY IS DRIVEN BY THE RESEARCHER’S EPISTEMOLOGICAL. METHODOLOGIES ARE PHILOSOPHICAL
APPROACHES TO DISCOVERING KNOWLEDGE
• HOW CAN THE KNOWER GO ABOUT OBTAINING THE KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING HE DESIRES?
BOOK : ON EPISTEMOLOGY ( LINDA ZABZEBSKI, 1)
• EPISTEMOLOGY IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF KNOWING AND OTHER DESIRABLE WAYS OF BELIEVING
AND ATTEMPTING TO FIND THE TRUTH. IT IS A CENTRAL FIELD OF PHILOSOPHY IT LINKS THE TWO MOST
IMPORTANT OBJECTS OF PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY: OURSELVES AND THE WORLD. OF COURSE, KNOWING
IS NOT THE ONLY WAY IN WHICH WE ARE LINKED WITH THE WORLD, BUT IT IS CRUCIAL ONE. PLATO HAD
THE FASCINATING IDEA THAT KNOWLEDGE ARE THE TWO WAYS IN WHICH WE ARE DRAWN OUT OF
OURSELVES, FIRST TO A WORLD THAT REFLECTS THE ETERNAL FORMS, AND THEN, WITH LUCK AND THE
PROPER DISCIPLINE, TO THE WORLD OF FORMS THEMSELVES.
LOVE IS NOT USUALLY DISCUSSED IN ABOUT OF EPISTEMOLOGY, BUT IT IS HELPFUL TO NOTICE THAT
KNOWLEDGE IS ONLY ONE OF OUR LINKS TO THE OUTSIDE. PHILOSOPHERS SOMETIMES WORRY THAT IF
THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE, WE ARE LOCKED INSIDE OUR OWN MINDS. THAT WORRY IS BASED ON THE
ASSUMPTION THAT OF ALL THREADS THAT TIE US TO THE WORLD, KNOWLEDGE IS THE MOST BASIC, SO IF
YOU BREAK YOUR CONNECTION TO THE WORLD.
• ONTOLOGY IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF BEING. MORE BROADLY, IT STUDIES CONCEPTS THAT
DIRECTLY RELATE TO BEING, IN PARTICULAR BECOMING, EXISTENCE, REALITY, AS WELL AS THE
BASIC CATEGORIES OF BEING AND THEIR RELATIONS.
• ONTOLOGY A BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY THAT DEALS WITH THE NATURE OF EXISTENCE
• TRADITIONALLY LISTED AS A PART OF THE MAJOR BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY KNOWN AS METAPHYSICS,
ONTOLOGY OFTEN DEALS WITH QUESTIONS CONCERNING WHAT ENTITIES EXIST OR MAY BE SAID TO
EXIST AND HOW SUCH ENTITIES MAY BE GROUPED, RELATED WITHIN A HIERARCHY, AND SUBDIVIDED
ACCORDING TO SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES.
• LEIBNIZ IS THE ONLY ONE OF THE GREAT PHILOSOPHERS OF THE 17TH CENTURY TO HAVE USED THE TERM
ONTOLOGY.

• SOME PHILOSOPHERS, NOTABLY IN THE TRADITIONS OF THE PLATONIC SCHOOL, CONTEND THAT ALL
NOUNS (INCLUDING ABSTRACT NOUNS) REFER TO EXISTENT ENTITIES
• ONTOLOGY INQUIRIES IN EDUCATION REQUIRE US TO DETERMINE WHAT SUBJECTS WE ARE STUDYING.
ACCORDINGLY, WE QUESTION HOW MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE,AND TECHNOLOGY ARE CONCEPTUALIZED IN
THIS HISTORICAL MOMENT
• AXIOLOGY IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF VALUE. IT IS EITHER THE COLLECTIVE TERM
FOR ETHICS AND AESTHETICS
(WIKIPEDIA)

• ETHICS : THE SCIENCE OF OUGHTNESS, DUTY, RIGHTNESS AND WRONGNESS.

• AESTETHICS : THE SCIENCE OF BEAUTY, UGLINESS AND FINE ART.
(PAGE 4 OF AXIOLOGY SCIENCE OF VALUE / ARCHIE J.BAHM)
• THE VALUE OF VALUES IS SELF-EVIDENT. THIS WORK IS NOT SO MUCH ABOUT VALUES AS ABOUT
AXIOLOGY, THE SCIENCE OF VALUE . VALUE HAVE EXISTED AS LONG AS HUMAN BEINGS, AND LONGER,
SINCE ANIMALS ALSO EXPERIENCE VALUE
• (PAGE 3 OF AXIOLOGY SCIENCE OF VALUE / ARCHIE J.BAHM)
• THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN EXISTENCE , KNOWLEDGE AND VALUE DOES NOT IMPLY THAT WHAT IS
DISTINGUISHED IS THEREBY SEPARATED
ACCORDING TO GUDA AND LINCOLN (1994)

• THE ONTOLOGICAL, EPISTEMOLOGICAL, AND METHODOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS WITHIN INQUIRY

PARADIGMS ARE SO INTERRELATED THAT ANSWERING ONE QUESTION SHAPES HOW OTHERS CAN BE
ANSTWERED.
• EXAMPLE : IF A RESEARCHER BELIEVES THAT REALITY CAN BE MEASURED, HE WIIL WANT AN OBJECTIVE
RELATIONSHIP WITH SUBJECTS.
CONCLUSION