Main Function: This system

monitors touch,
This communication smell, sound, blood
system controls and pressure, and body
coordinates position.
functions throughout Several mental
the body and activities are also
responds to internal processed here
such as memory,
and external stimuli. consciousness,
and thinking
 Cells of Nervous System:
1. Neurons- which are the conducting
cells
2. Neuroglia- which are the
supportive cells
 dendrite muscle
Axon tissue

cell body
cell
body

TYPICAL MOTOR
NEURON
synapse
 Parts of a Neuron
1. Cell body: contains nucleus & most of the
cytoplasm
2. Dendrites: projections that bring impulses into
the neuron to the cell body.
3. Axon: long projection that carries impulses away
from cell body

travels dendrite towards axon

1

2 3
 Parts of a Neuron
1. Cell body: contains nucleus & most of the
cytoplasm
2. Dendrites: projections that bring impulses into
the neuron to the cell body.
3. Axon: long projection that carries impulses away
from cell body

2 3
 Interneuron
Sensory Synapse

Neuron Synapse

Motor
Interneuron Neuron

Synapse

Motor Sensory Muscle

Neuron Contracts
Neuron
A supportive cell
of the Nervous
systemthat
forms 40% of
the BRAINS
bulk.
1. Astrocyte- supply
nutrients to neurons and
help maintaain their ability
to transmit impulses
2. Ependymal Cell- produce
the cerebrospinal fluid and
bathe the brain
3. Microglial Cell- Help in
removing the debris and
bacteria from CNS
4. Oligodenrocyctes and
5.Schwann Cells- in the PNS
produce the myelin sheath
for the insulation of axons.
Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves and
sense organs

Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue

A nerve is an organ
containing a bundle
of nerve cells called
neurons.

Neurons carry
electrical messages
called impulses
throughout the
body. Picture shows hundreds of
severed neuron axons
 Human Nervous System

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

[CNS] [PNS]
Brain & Spinal Cord Nerves branching from the
brain and spinal cord
Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord

Cerebrum
brain
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
BRAIN- An average
weight f 3 pounds.
It consists of 10
billion neurons that
control everything a
person does, such as
thoughts,
movements, and
sense
BRAIN- It is
protected by the skull
with three distinct
layers, the entirety is
known as MENINGES.
The cerebrospinal
fluidsubstance is
located between
middle and inner
meninges
It is divided into:
FOREBRAIN- FRONT
MIDBRAIN- MIDDLE
HINDBRAIN- BACK
FOREBRAIN- the largest part of the
brain.
Controls motor and sensory neurons,
intelligence, personality, memory and
unding of language.
CEREBRAL CORTEX- the outer layer
of cerebrum consists of GRAY
MATTER and WHITE MATTER
 Thalamus Serves relay station for senses.
Responsible in processing
information
Regulates the body's temperature ,
Hypothalamus use of water, blood pressure, use
of water , and release of regulatory
chemicals
Responsible for all higher brain
Cerebrum functions such as, speech ,
memory , emotion, consciousness
etc.
 FRONTAL Responsible for personality, judgement,
LOBE abstract reasoning, social behavior ,
language expression and voluntary
movement
PARIETAL interprets and integrates sensory inputs
LOBE including touch, pain, and temp.

TEMPORAL enables us to hear our fav. songs over radio

LOBE and store and recall memories

OCCIPITAL enables us to interpret visual stimuli from

LOBE our sorroundings
Midbrain Also linked to vision and
controls the movement
of eye
 Medula Controls breathing, heart rate and
swallowing
Pons Regulates breathing and eye
movement
Cerebellum Coordinates and balances the actions of
the muscles
Corpos Callosom
Brainstem A broad
located band
below the of nerve fibers
cerebellum at the
base of the
joining skull,
two which servesofasthe
hemispheres the
body's lifebrain.
support system

Brainstem
Pituitary GlandIt controls the
Produces flow hormones
critical of messages between
the brain and the rest of the body, and it
that control various functions
also controls basic body functions
such as breathing, swallowing,
heart rate, blood pressure,
consciousness, and whether one is
awake or sleepy.
Hippocampus Associated mainly with memory in
particular long-term memory
 The main communications link
Spinal Cord between the brain and the rest of
the body
Consists of: 12
pairs od Sensory
division and 31
pairs of Motor
division
-includes all
sensory neurons,
motor neurons,
 Subdivisions of PNS
Somatic Nervous System:
• voluntary control
• responsible for conscious body movement

Autonomic Nervous System:

• no voluntary control
• serve internal organs
• involved with: heart rate
blood flow
breathing movements
digestive system
gland secretions
Autonomic Nervous System:

Sympathetic: “fight or flight”

speed up body functions

Parasympathetic:
slow down body functions
 Concept Map

The Nervous
System

is divided into

Central nervous Peripheral

system nervous system

Motor which consists of Sensory

Brain Spinal cord nerves nerves

that make up

Somatic nervous Autonomic

system nervous system

which is divided into

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
nervous system nervous system
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
KEEPING THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM HEALTHY
LESSON 3:FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS
1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• Main Function:
It releases hormones (chemical
messengers) into the blood to signal
other cells (target cells) to behave in
certain ways. It is a slow but
widespread form of communication.
• Role
• 1. Secretes hormones that acts as
messenger of the body which stimulates
many organs such as testes and ovaries.
• 2. Also known as system of checks and keeps
that works to keep the body system healthy.
• 3. Similar to thermostat that turn on when
temperature is below normal and turn off
when the temperature if above normal.
• 4. When ES is not working well the health of
the body may be affected. Such as energy
level , physica appearance, and ability to
produce offspring.
 Consists of:
Endocrine glands
Release hormones into
the bloodstream.
Hormones are chemicals
released in one part of the
body that travel through
the bloodstream and
affect the activities of cells
in other parts of the body.
 Interaction of Glands
The hypothalamus is
located in the brain
and controls the
release of hormones
from the pituitary
gland. It is an
important link
between the
endocrine and
nervous systems.
 Interaction of Glands
The brain and glands
work together to
maintain homeostasis
through a process
called negative and
positive feedback
mechanisms.
 HORMONES
• Releasing factors- regulate body
temperature, blood and use of water
• Oxytocin- control muscle
contractions of uterus and milk
productions
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)-
increases water uptake in the kidney
 Endocrine System

Pituitary Gland
 Pituitary Gland

Function: It secretes nine

hormones that control all other
endocrine glands.
-produces human growth
hormone
- Disorders: Too much growth
hormone can result in a
condition called gigantism. Robert
Wadlow
 Pituitary Gland
HORMONES
1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- stimulates
adrenal gland to release specific hormones
2. Thyroid- Stimulating hormone- Stimulates thyroid
gland to release specific hormones
Regulates the growth of SS.
3. Growth hormone- Prolactin- Stimulates milk
production

Robert
Wadlow
 Endocrine System

Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland

 Thyroid Gland
• Hormone: Thyroxin controls the calcium level in
bloodstream
• Function: plays a major role in the regulation the
body’s metabolism.
• Disorders:
Hyperthyroidism-too much thyroxin; fast metabolism
Hypothyroidism- too little thyroxin; slow metabolism
Goiter-lack of iron in diet, no thyroxin secretion,
enlargement of thyroid gland
 Endocrine System

Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland

Adrenal Glands
 Adrenal Gland
• Functions:
-The adrenal
glands release
Adrenaline in the
body that helps
prepare for and
deal with stress.
-Also regulates
kidney function.
 Adrenal Gland
HORMONES:
 Endocrine System

Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland

Ovaries

Adrenal Glands
 Ovaries
• Functions:
– Pair of reproductive organs found in
women that produce eggs.
– Also secrete estrogen and
progesterone, which control ovulation
and menstruation.
 PARATHYROID
GLAND
• Functions:
– Four tiny glands that regulates the
mineral in the body, calcium and
phosphorus in the bloodstream
 Endocrine System
Pineal Gland

Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Gland Pancreas

Ovaries
Thymus

Adrenal Glands
Testes
 Testes
• Functions:
– Pair of reproductive glands that
produces sperm.
– Also secrete Testosterone to give
the body its masculine
characteristics.
 Endocrine System
Pineal Gland

Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Gland Pancreas

Ovaries
Thymus

Adrenal Glands
Testes
Pancreas [Islets of Langerhans]

Insulin:
Reduces levels of glucose in the blood
• conversion of glucose to glycogen
•promoting glucose absorption and use
by body cells

Glucagon:
Increases levels of glucose in the blood
• causes liver to convert glycogen to glucose
 Testes
• Functions:
– Pair of reproductive glands that
produces sperm.
– Also secrete Testosterone to give
the body its masculine
characteristics.
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
 Interaction of Glands
The feedback the
brain gets is from the
information it collects
as the hypothalamus
monitors the
bloodstream.
Using this information,
the brain knows what
hormones to start and
stop releasing.